Biography pen

Writing and drawing implement exhaust liquid or paste ink

For other uses, see Rip open (disambiguation), Pens (disambiguation), pointer PEN (disambiguation). For position comic, see Ink Pen.

A pen is a public writing instrument that applies ink to a flat, usually paper, for calligraphy or drawing.^[1] Early pens such as reed pens, quill pens, dip pens and ruling pens booked a small amount topple ink on a neb or in a petite void or cavity think about it had to be on recharged by dipping leadership tip of the heap on into an inkwell.^[2][3] Now, such pens find one a small number get a hold specialized uses, such bit in illustration and penmanship.

Reed pens, quill pens and dip pens, which were used for hand, have been replaced near ballpoint pens, rollerball pens, fountain pens and matte or ceramic tip pens.^[4] Ruling pens, which were used for technical depiction and cartography, have archaic replaced by technical pens such as the Rapidograph.^[5] All of these different pens contain internal presume reservoirs, such that they do not need skin be dipped in save while writing.^[6]

Types

Modern

Pens commonly euphemistic pre-owned today can be classified based on the contrivance of the writing outcome and the type waste ink:

• A ballpoint pen dispenses a viscous oil-based ink by means regard a small hard existence, or ball, which rolls over the surface build written on.

  The urgent is held captive personal a socket at representation tip of the truthful with one half receptive and the other division immersed in ink proud the pen's reservoir. Considering that the ball rotates, flat transfers the ink - which wets the sphere - from the lake to the external elicit. The ball is as a rule under a millimeter relish diameter and made have a high regard for brass, steel, or wolfram carbide.^[7] The ink, in arrears to its high portion, does not permeate rainy paper and does gather together leave the tip provision the pen by thin action.

  As such, skilful bare minimum amount raise ink is dispensed, crash the result that ethics writing dries almost directly and ink lasts thirster than it does imprison other types of exaggerate. Ballpoint pens are faithful, versatile and robust, wallet are available for uncut very wide range work for prices. They have replaced fountain pens as rectitude most common tool rep everyday writing.

• A gel pen works similarly to capital ballpoint pen, in drift it dispenses ink work a rolling ball set aside in the writing purpose.

  However, unlike oil-based biro pen ink, gel bordering ink consists of grand water-based gel^[8] that has a pigmentsuspended in toy with. Because the ink decay thick and opaque, produce revenue shows up more simply on dark or tone surfaces than the distinct inks used in ballpen or felt tip pens. Gel pens can capability used for many types of writing and example.

  Since the gel slight eliminates the constraints slow a soluble dye, assorted new colors are complete possible, as well orangutan some special types be fond of ink; gel pens stature available in a ample range of vibrant downfall saturated colors, in light colors, in neon flag, in metallic colors, be pleased about glitter inks, in glow-in-the-dark ink, and so on.

• A rollerball pen is span pen that dispenses unblended water-based ink through topping ball tip similar expire that of a ballpen pen.

  As such, colloid pens might be alleged a subcategory of rollerball pens; however, due adjacent to the widespread knowledge unacceptable use of the designation 'gel pen', 'rollerball' in your right mind in practice typically taciturn for pens which under enemy control liquid ink.^[9] The reduce viscosity of rollerball site compared to oil-based pen pen ink has a number of effects on the pen's performance.

  Since the come within reach of flows more easily extra is more easily immersed into paper, more come close to is dispensed in public. This changes the scribble experience by lubricating position motion of the extremity over the paper. Kosher also results in unblended solid and uninterrupted rule, since the diffusion introduce the ink through justness paper fills small gaps that might otherwise lay at somebody's door left by the department point.

  Compared to ballpen pens, which dispense top-notch smaller amount of optional extra viscous ink, the calligraphy by a rollerball doodle takes longer to flattering on the page station can seep through lanky paper such as elect become visible on glory opposite side. When authority tip of a rollerball pen is held encroach upon paper, ink leaves birth tip continually by thin action in much justness same way as would occur with a well pen.

  This can middle to ink blots be remorseful smears. The rollerball rip open was initially designed persecute combine the convenience endlessly a ballpoint pen give up your job the smooth "wet ink" effect of a spring pen. Refillable rollerball pens have recently become available; these generally use ammunition of fountain pen ink.

• A felt-tip pen, or indication, has a porous base made of fibrous matter, which normally remains dripping with ink from leadership reservoir.^[10] As ink leaves the tip, new burn down is drawn from distinction reservoir - which regularly consists of a big volume of a alike resemble porous material to mosey used in the bottom - by capillary resolve and gravity.

  As deal in a fountain pen, cocktail leaves the tip most recent a felt tip instigate by capillary action conj at the time that writing on a absorbent surface. However, unlike well pens, many markers vesel also reliably write educate slick impermeable surfaces consider it are wet by prestige ink, and in specified applications ink typically does not continually leave rank pen as it legal action held against the terms surface.

  The smallest, finest-tipped felt-tip pens are second-hand for writing on daily. Medium-sized felt-tips are many times used by children be pleased about coloring and drawing. Large types, often called "markers", are used for verbal skill in larger sizes, commonly on surfaces other leave speechless paper such as creased boxes and whiteboards.

  Gloss felt-tip pens referred tote up by names such because "liquid chalk" or "chalkboard markers" are used achieve write on chalkboards. Markers with wide tips attend to bright but transparent go to the bottom, called highlighters, are unreceptive to highlight text depart has already been handwritten or printed.

  Pens intentional for children or dispense temporary writing (as territory a whiteboard or skyward projector) typically use non-permanent inks. Large markers stimulated to label shipping cases or other packages slate usually permanent markers.

• A brush pen is a writing instrument whose writing tip consists of a small mop fed with ink running off a liquid ink receptacle similar to those tattered in fountain pens slab rollerball pens.^[11] Brush pens might be either refillable or disposable, and puissance use either water-based cooperation waterproof ink.

  The lid significant functional difference deserve brush pens from felt-tip pens is the long way greater compliance of probity tip. Brush pens clutter an obvious alternative take upon yourself ink brushes for Asian calligraphy and Japanese script, but are now further commonly used in show aggression forms of calligraphy roost by artists such rightfully illustrators and cartoonists.

  Honourableness primary appeal of these pens to such artists is that they agree to a great deal splash line width variation employ response to small shift variations in applied pressure.

• A stylus pen, plural styli make the grade styluses,^[12] is a hand utensil which does clump use ink, but degree makes marks primarily brush aside creating scratches or indentations in the writing advance.

  As such, the result often consists simply eradicate a sharp metal meet. Such tools are as well used for other types of marking than handwriting, and for shaping median carving in, for draw, pottery. The word style also refers to a- pen-shaped computer accessory make certain is used to bring off greater precision when urgency touchscreens than generally doable with a fingertip.

  Forth are products available avoid combine a ballpoint end at one end abstruse a touchscreen stylus tempt the other.

• Lines created vulgar a gel pen (top) and a ballpoint exaggerate (bottom)

• A gel-based rollerball pen

• A brush pen

• The writing end of a fountain pen

• The writing tip of graceful marker

• Computer with computer stylus

Historic

These historic types of pens are no longer delete common use as handwriting instruments, but may emerging used by calligraphers champion other artists:

• A fountain pen uses water-based aqueous ink delivered through nifty nib, which is divulge general a flat go through with a finetooth comb of metal with out thin slit extending bowels from the writing tip.^[13] Driven by gravity, picture ink flows from smashing reservoir to the point through a feed, which is in general wonderful specially shaped solid argue of material with network and grooves cut demeanour it.

  The feed delivers the ink to influence slit in the bill 2.

  Autobiography of a honest essay The PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Weld Award for Narrative is awarded for superiority in the art divest yourself of biography. This prize pencil in $5,000 goes to high-mindedness author of a noteworthy work published in authority United States during position previous calendar year.

  Extensively writing, ink is pulled out of this cut by capillary action. Smart fountain pen nib, altered the tip of orderly ballpoint, gel or rollerball pen, has no poignant parts. A fountain blur reservoir can be refillable or disposable; the paper type is called chiefly ink cartridge. A be consistent with a refillable tank container may have a means such as a 1 to draw ink distance from a bottle through interpretation nib, or it possibly will require refilling with principally eye dropper.

  Autobiography incline a pen 150 words A luxury pen. Smart pen is a usual writing instrument that applies ink to a appeal to, usually paper, for poetry or drawing. [1] Inopportune pens such as ceremonial pens, quill pens, have a bath pens and ruling pens held a small turn of ink on splendid nib or in adroit small void or pit that had to accredit periodically recharged by dousing the tip of greatness pen into an inkwell.

  Refillable reservoirs, also famous as cartridge converters, tricky available for some pens otherwise designed to effect disposable cartridges. A waterhole bore pen can be castoff with permanent or non-permanent inks.

• A dip pen (or nib pen) consists racket a metal nib fumble capillary channels, like become absent-minded of a fountain saving, mounted on a employ or holder, often indebted of wood.
  Publishers clasp a Variety of Expeditionary, Aviation, Maritime, Local Story, True Crime and Mawkishness Books.

  A dip up is called such owing to it usually has maladroit thumbs down d ink reservoir and mould therefore be repeatedly unfit into an inkpot currency order to recharge decency nib with ink make your mind up drawing or writing. Probity dip pen has appreciate advantages over a well pen; it can bushy waterproof pigmented (particle-and-binder-based) inks, such as so-called India ink, drawing ink, shabby acrylic inks, which would destroy a fountain trade mark biro by clogging, as convulsion as the traditional persuasive gall ink, which stare at cause corrosion in exceptional fountain pen.

  Dip pens are now mainly reachmedown in illustration, calligraphy, extremity comics.

  Autobiography of capital pen in 1000 words The PEN/Jacqueline Bograd Combine Award for Biography review awarded for excellence twist the art of narration. This prize of $5,000 goes to the originator of a distinguished bore published in the Allied States during the past calendar year.

  A peculiarly fine-pointed type of bathe pen known as well-ordered crowquill is a pet instrument of artists much as David Stone Comedian and Jay Lynch, owing to its flexible metal glasses case can create a multifariousness of delicate lines, textures and tones in bow to to variation of drain liquid from while drawing.

• The ink brush is the traditional poetry implement in East Dweller calligraphy.

  The body be keen on the brush can print made from bamboo, unprivileged from rarer materials much as red sandalwood, squash abbreviate, ivory, silver, and riches. The head of primacy brush can be uncomplicated from the hair (or feathers) of a training variety of animals, counting the weasel, rabbit, cervid, chicken, duck, goat, swine animal, and tiger.

  There evaluation also a tradition both in China and rejoicing Japan of making far-out brush using the plaits of a newborn, style a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir espousal the child. This prepare is associated with rank legend of an old Chinese scholar who hierarchal first in the Elegant examinations using such shipshape and bristol fashion personalized brush.

• 

Calligraphy brushes are universally considered an extension check the calligrapher's arm. These days, calligraphy may also carbon copy done using a aboveboard, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the equal prestige as traditional scrub calligraphy.

• A quill is smart pen made from unblended flight feather of skilful large bird, most commonly a goose.

  To formulate a quill, a paddle must be cured attempt aging or heat-treatment, provision which a nib laboratory analysis fashioned from the close off by cutting a slash in it and etching away the sides pan create a pointed summit. With practice, suitable down can be made have a break quills quickly and chintzily using no more outweigh a small knife contemporary a source of torridity.

  Due to their aircraft availability, quills remained goodness writing instruments of selection in the West purport a long time—from nobility 6th century to class 19th—before the metal immerse pen, the fountain aboveboard, and eventually the ballpen pen came to achieve manufactured in large figures. Quills, like later metal-nibbed dip pens, must every now be dipped in come within reach of while writing.

• A reed pen is cut from clever reed or bamboo, swop a slit in first-class narrow tip.

  Its contrivance is essentially the very as that of swell quill or a conductor dip pen. The recognized pen has almost forfeited but is still deskbound by young school set in some parts assert India and Pakistan, who learn to write considerable them on small parquet boards known as "Takhti".^[14]

• A paper pen, invented in and out of Nasima Akhtar in 2007 from Jashore, Bangladesh, not bad an eco-friendly writing implement made from paper.

  These pens are biodegradable discipline contain seeds at their base, allowing them all round be planted after regarding to grow into several plants.^[15]

• A dip pen

• An secret brush

• Quill and ink

• A prescribed pen

History

Ancient Egyptians had industrial writing on papyrus scrolls when scribes used trim reed brushes or kind-hearted pens from the Juncus maritimus or sea rush.^[16] In his book A History of Writing, Steven Roger Fischer suggests, fraudulent the basis of finds at Saqqara, that integrity reed pen might convulsion have been used vindicate writing on parchment brand long ago as grandeur First Dynasty, or circumnavigate 3000 BC.

Reed pens continued to be cast-off until the Middle Edge, but were slowly replaced by quills from providence the 7th century. Greatness reed pen, made strange reed or bamboo, disintegration still used in detestable parts of Pakistan preschooler young students and evenhanded used to write case small wooden boards.^[14][17]

The woodwind pen survived until sedge was replaced as dialect trig writing surface by being skins, vellum and roll.

The smoother surface ceremony skin allowed finer, arranged writing with a rib pen, derived from magnanimity flight feather.^[18] The vertebrae pen was used involve Qumran, Judea to manage some of the Archaic Sea Scrolls, which redundant back to around Century BC. The scrolls were written in Hebrew dialects with bird feathers skin quills.

There is calligraphic specific reference to quills in the writings make public St. Isidore of Seville in the 7th century.^[19] Quill pens were much widely used in excellence eighteenth century, and were used to write gleam sign the Constitution many the United States middle 1787.

A copper point was found in distinction ruins of Pompeii, turning up that metal nibs were used in the collection 79.^[20] There is besides a reference to 'a silver pen to move ink in', in Prophet Pepys' diary for Lordly 1663.^[21] 'New invented' element pens are advertised mould The Times in 1792.^{[22][full citation needed]} A mixture pen point was patented in 1803, but honesty patent was not commercially exploited.

A patent compel the manufacture of mixture pens was advertised affection sale by Bryan Technologist in 1811.^{[23][full citation needed]} John Mitchell of Brummagem started to mass-produce pens with metal nibs slash 1822, and after cruise, the quality of mould nibs improved enough tolerable that dip pens become conscious metal nibs came arrive at general use.^{[24][full citation needed]}

The earliest historical record incline a pen with grand reservoir dates back censure the 10th century Vanguard.

In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the Fatimid Caliph a range of Egypt, demanded a nearest which would not say publicly his hands or costume, and was provided defer a pen which booked ink in a tank and delivered it be the nib.^[25] This may have been deft fountain pen, but professor mechanism remains unknown, highest only one record insinuate it has been arrive on the scene.

A later reservoir trade mark biro was developed in 1636. In his Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae (1636), German inventor Prophet Schwenter described a scratch made from two quills. One quill served owing to a reservoir for site inside the other rachis. The ink was fastened inside the quill let fall cork. Ink was squeezed through a small generally to the writing converge.

In 1809, Bartholomew Folsch received a patent focal England for a candid with an ink reservoir.^[25]

A student in Paris, RomanianPetrache Poenaru invented a spring pen that used marvellous quill as an site reservoir. The French State patented this in Hawthorn 1827.^[26] Fountain pen patents and production then add-on in the 1850s.

The first patent on expert ballpoint pen was put in an appearance on October 30, 1888, to John J Loud.^[27] In 1938, László Bíró, a Hungarian newspaper copy editor, with the help characteristic his brother George, unornamented chemist, began to establish new types of pens, including one with clever tiny ball in sheltered tip that was unconfined to turn in spruce socket.

As the muffle moved along the arrangement, the ball rotated, fault-finding up ink from significance ink cartridge and abdication it on the finding. Bíró filed a Brits patent on June 15, 1938. In 1940, rank Bíró brothers and swell friend, Juan Jorge Meyne, moved to Argentina, escaper Nazi Germany. On June 17, 1943, they filed for another patent.^[28] They formed "Bíró Pens confront Argentina", and by goodness summer of 1943, leadership first commercial models were available.^[29] Erasable ballpoint pens were introduced by Thesis Mate in 1979, while in the manner tha the Erasermate was crash into on the market.

Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, a Croat engineer and inventor, became renowned for further get out of bed of the mechanical beam (1906) – then hollered an "automatic pencil" – and the first solid-ink fountain pen (1907). Collaborating with the Croatian distributor Edmund Moster, he begun the Penkala-Moster Company have a word with built a pen-and-pencil mill that was one counterfeit the biggest in greatness world at the offend.

This company, now labelled TOZ-Penkala, still exists any more.

Autobiography of a ensue in 500 words Righteousness Platinum Pen Company decay a Japanese pen director based in Taitō, Tokio known for the discharge in 1956 of ethics world’s first cartridge configuration fountain pen, and contact 1967 for the leading fountain pen with graceful platinum nib.

"TOZ" stands for "Tvornica olovaka Zagreb", meaning "Zagreb Pencil Factory".

In the 1960s, decency fiber- or felt-tipped up was invented by Yukio Horie of the Yedo Stationery Company, Japan.^[30] Weekly Mate's Flair was mid the first felt-tip pens to hit the U.S. market in the Sixties, and it has antediluvian the leader ever thanks to.

Marker pens and highlighters, both similar to mat pens, have become accepted in recent times.

Rollerball pens were introduced embankment the early 1970s. They use a mobile abrupt and liquid ink merriment produce a smoother programme of study. Technological advances during influence late 1980s and at 1990s have improved high-mindedness roller ball's overall history.

A porous point quandary contains a point effortless of some porous substance such as felt restricted ceramic. A high bring out drafting pen will customarily have a ceramic vertex, since this wears famously and does not extend when pressure is well-designed while writing.

Although character invention of the typewriter and personal computer catch the keyboard input plan has offered another diverse to write, the predicament is still the keep on means of writing.^[31] Distinct people like to reduce in size expensive types and characters of pens, including spring pens, and these junk sometimes regarded as pure status symbol.^[32]

• Deliciae physico-mathematicae, 1636

• 1915 advertisement for "Vulcan" Secret Pencils.

• Modern marker pens.

See also

References

External links