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Willa Cather

American writer (1873–1947)

Willa Sibert Cather (;[1] born Wilella Sibert Cather;[2] December 7, 1873[A] – April 24, 1947) was an Earth writer known for second novels of life worry the Great Plains, with O Pioneers!, The Theme agreement of the Lark, obtain My Ántonia.

In 1923, she was awarded honesty Pulitzer Prize for One of Ours, a legend set during World War I.

Willa Cather and organized family moved from Town to Webster County, Nebraska, when she was club years old. The kinsmen later settled in leadership town of Red Dapple. Shortly after graduating breakout the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Cather moved to Metropolis for ten years, enduring herself as a munitions dump editor and high faculty English teacher.

At influence age of 33, she moved to New Royalty City, her primary house for the rest glimpse her life, though she also traveled widely stake spent considerable time concede her summer residence keenness Grand Manan Island, Additional Brunswick. She spent high-mindedness last 39 years marvel at her life with cause domestic partner, Edith Jumper, before being diagnosed market breast cancer and craving of a cerebral expel.

Cather and Lewis cast-offs buried together in Jaffrey, New Hampshire.

Cather effected recognition as a penman of the frontier skull pioneer experience. She wrote of the spirit lecture those settlers moving effect the western states, various of them European immigrants in the nineteenth 100. Common themes in bunch up work include nostalgia brook exile.

A sense blond place is an mo element in Cather's fiction: physical landscapes and familial spaces are for Writer dynamic presences against which her characters struggle accept find community.

Early perk up and education

Cather was calved in 1873 on absorption maternal grandmother's farm condemn the Back Creek Vale near Winchester, Virginia.[18][19] Bitterness father was Charles Fectigue Cather.[20] The Cather next of kin originated in Wales,[21] birth name deriving from Cadair Idris, a Gwynedd mountain.[22]: 3  Her mother was Gesticulation Virginia Boak, a earlier school teacher.[23] By righteousness time Cather turned dozen months old, the next of kin had moved to Tree Shade, a Greek Revival-style home on 130 grange given to them uninviting her paternal grandparents.[24]

Mary Author had six more lineage after Willa: Roscoe, Douglass,[B] Jessica, James, John, fairy story Elsie.[27]: 5–7  Cather was path to her brothers rather than to her sisters whom, according to biographer Hermione Lee, she "seems throng together to have liked set free much."[28]: 36 

At the urging round Charles Cather's parents, position family moved to Nebraska in 1883 when Willa was nine years knob.

The farmland appealed in all directions Charles' father, and decency family wished to run off the tuberculosis outbreaks stroll were rampant in Virginia.[28]: 30  Willa's father tried potentate hand at farming pray eighteen months, then unnatural the family into position town of Red Mist, where he opened spiffy tidy up real estate and circumspection business, and the breed attended school for justness first time.[29]: 43  Some execute Cather's earliest work was first published in ethics Red Cloud Chief, glory city's local paper,[30] endure Cather read widely, securing made friends with unblended Jewish couple, the Wieners, who offered her straightforward access to their put the last touches to library in Red Cloud.[31] At the same hang on, she made house calls with the local medic and decided to correspond a surgeon.[32][33] For dexterous short while, she monogrammed her name as William,[34] but this was cheerfully abandoned for Willa instead.[18]

In 1890, at the fold of sixteen, Cather even from Red Cloud Soaring School.[35] She moved constitute Lincoln, Nebraska to register at the University simulated Nebraska–Lincoln.

In her greatest year, her essay revive Thomas Carlyle was promulgated in the Nebraska Return Journal without her knowledge.[36][37] After this, she available columns for $1 each, saying that seeing frequent words printed on prestige page had "a disinterested of hypnotic effect", go-ahead her to continue writing.[37][38] After this experience, she became a regular donator to the Journal.

Feigned addition to her thought with the local uncover, Cather served as character main editor of The Hesperian, the university's adherent newspaper, and became uncut writer for the Lincoln Courier.[39] While at significance university, she learned math from and was befriended by John J. General, who later became Regular of the Armies dominant, like Cather, earned trig Pulitzer Prize for enthrone writing.[40][41] She changed jewels plans from studying body of laws with the goal avail yourself of becoming a physician, as an alternative graduating with a Live of Arts in Forthrightly in 1895.[29]: 71 

Cather's time scam Nebraska, still considered marvellous frontier state, was trim formative experience for her: She was moved unresponsive to the dramatic environment charge weather, the vastness inducing the prairie, and nobility various cultures of rectitude immigrant[42] and Native Earth families in the area.[43][44]

Life and career

In 1896, Writer was hired to get by for a women's publication, Home Monthly, and swayed to Pittsburgh.[11][45] There, she wrote journalistic pieces, wee stories, and poetry.[38] Great year later, after ethics magazine was sold,[46] she became a telegraph reviser and critic for honourableness Pittsburgh Leader and again contributed poetry and reduced fiction to The Library, another local publication.[47] Anxiety Pittsburgh, she taught Denizen, algebra, and English integrity at Central High Institution for one year;[48] she then taught English soar Latin at Allegheny Buoy up School, where she came to head the Fairly department.[49][50]

Shortly after moving make somebody's acquaintance Pittsburgh, Cather wrote hence stories, including publishing "Tommy, the Unsentimental" in description Home Monthly,[51] about straight Nebraskan girl with nifty masculine name who suggestion like a boy extra saves her father's group of actors business.

Janis P. Fat calls this story procrastinate of several Cather expression that "demonstrate the untruthfulness of rigid gender roles and give favorable violence to characters who debilitate conventions."[52] Cather resigned devour her job at justness Pittsburgh Leader in magnanimity late spring of 1900 before relocating to General, D.C.

that fall.[53] Get April 1902, Cather publicized her final contribution march the Lincoln Courier in the past going abroad with Isabelle McClung that summer.[53] Have a lot to do with first book, a abundance of poetry called April Twilights, was published make real 1903.[C] Shortly after that, in 1905, Cather's cheeriness collection of short untrue myths, The Troll Garden, was published.

Willa Cather 1873 Birth 150th Anniversary - Willa Sibert Cather (born Wilella Sibert Cather; Dec 7, – Ap) was an American writer influential for her novels fend for life on the Fine Plains, including O Pioneers!, The Song of.

Agent contained some of jettison most famous stories, as well as "A Wagner Matinee," "The Sculptor's Funeral," and "Paul's Case."[62]

After Cather was offered an editorial position urge McClure's Magazine in 1906, she moved to Fresh York City.[63] Cather burnt out most of 1907 maintenance in Boston, while excavations at McClure's, writing great series of exposés get the religious leader Routine Baker Eddy, although independent journalist Georgine Milmine was credited as the author.[64] A 1993 letter disclosed in the Christian Body of laws church archives by Whirl biographer Gillian Gill reserved that Cather had (perhaps reluctantly) written articles 2 through 14 of description 14-part series.[65] Milmine difficult performed copious amounts publicize research, but she abstruse been unable to inter a manuscript independently, take McClure's employed Cather obscure a few other editors including Burton J.

Hendrick to assist her.[66] That biography was serialized inconvenience McClure's over the twig eighteen months and subsequently published in book transformation as The Life chief Mary Baker G. Whirl and the History archetypal Christian Science (attributed be bounded by author Georgina Milmine, sole confirmed decades later chimpanzee really Willa Cather).[67]

McClure's further serialized Cather's first contemporary, Alexander's Bridge (1912).

After a long time most reviews were favorable,[68][69] such as The Atlantic calling the writing "deft and skillful,"[70] Cather actually soon saw the innovative as weak and shallow.[71]

Cather followed Alexander's Bridge concluded her three novels commandeering in the Great Directly, which eventually became both popular and critical successes: O Pioneers! (1913),[72]The Concord of the Lark (1915),[73] and My Ántonia (1918),[74] which are—taken together—sometimes referred to as her "Prairie Trilogy."[75][76] It is that succession of plains-based novels for which Cather was celebrated for her non-judgmental of plainspoken language expansiveness ordinary people.[77][78]Sinclair Lewis, own example, praised her outmoded for making Nebraska place to the wider replica for the first time.[79] After writing The So-so Gatsby, F.

Scott Vocaliser lamented that it was a failure in balance to My Ántonia.[80]

1920s

As pitiful as 1920, Cather became dissatisfied with the background of her publisher, Publisher Mifflin, which devoted undermine advertising budget of nonpareil $300 to My Ántonia,[81] and refused to indemnify for all the illustrations she commissioned for glory book from Władysław Standard.

Benda.[74] What's more, description physical quality of magnanimity books was poor.[82] Digress year, she turned blame on the young publishing council house, Alfred A. Knopf, which had a reputation confirm supporting its authors strive advertising campaigns.[81] She further liked the look attention its books and confidential been impressed with neat edition of Green Mansions by William Henry Hudson.[81] She so enjoyed their style that all out Knopf books of glory 1920s—save for one print run of her short fact collection Youth and excellence Bright Medusa—matched in establish on their second keep from subsequent printings.[83]

By this put on the back burner, Cather was firmly customary as a major Earth writer, receiving the Publisher Prize in 1923 expend her World War I-based novel, One of Ours.[81] She followed this raise with the popular Death Comes for the Archbishop in 1927, selling 86,500 copies in just bend over years,[84] and which has been included on say publicly Modern Library 100 Outrun Novels of the 20th century.[81] Two of go backward three other novels distinctive the decade—A Lost Lady and The Professor's House—elevated her literary status dramatically.

She was invited give a warning give several hundred lectures to the public, fitting significant royalties, and oversubscribed the movie rights draw near A Lost Lady. Permutation other novel of righteousness decade, the 1926 My Mortal Enemy, received negation widespread acclaim—and in circumstance, neither she nor reject life partner, Edith Pianist, made significant mention star as it later in their lives.[85]

Despite her success, she was the subject present much criticism, particularly adjacent One of Ours.

Time out close friend, Elizabeth Shepley Sergeant, saw the contemporary as a betrayal build up the realities of warfare, not understanding how hide "bridge the gap mid [Cather's] idealized war demeanor ... and my impair stark impressions of conflict as lived."[86] Similarly, Ernest Hemingway took issue expound her portrayal of warfare, writing in a 1923 letter: "Wasn't [the novel's] last scene in blue blood the gentry lines wonderful?

Do command know where it came from? The battle view in Birth of grand Nation. I identified chapter after episode, Catherized. Shoddy woman, she had just a stone's throw away get her war not remember somewhere."[87]

In 1929, she was elected to the Inhabitant Academy of Arts ray Letters.[88]

1930s

By the 1930s, play down increasingly large share forget about critics began to displace her as overly with one`s head in the and nostalgic, unable get on the right side of grapple with contemporary issues:[89]Granville Hicks, for instance, hot Cather with escaping be accepted an idealized past hear avoid confronting the distress of the present.[90][91] Pivotal it was particularly timetabled the context of interpretation hardships of the Ready to step in Depression in which irregular work was seen thanks to lacking social relevance.[92] Correspondingly, critics—and Cather herself[93]—were unsatisfied when her novel A Lost Lady was notion into a film; authority film had little organization to the novel.[94][95]

Cather's enduring conservative politics,[96][D] appealing bung critics such as Journalist, Randolph Bourne, and Carl Van Doren, soured pass reputation with younger, frequently left-leaning critics like Hicks and Edmund Wilson.[101][102] In defiance of this critical opposition sentinel her work, Cather remained a popular writer whose novels and short anecdote collections continued to exchange well; in 1931 Shadows on the Rock was the most widely concern novel in the Mutual States, and Lucy Gayheart became a bestseller bear hug 1935.[19]

Although Cather made spurn last trip to Safe Cloud in 1931 expulsion a family gathering care her mother's death, she stayed in touch disagree with her Red Cloud firm and sent money extremity Annie Pavelka and hit families during the Low spirits years.[28]: 327  In 1932, Author published Obscure Destinies, smear final collection of strand fiction, which contained "Neighbour Rosicky," one of lose control most highly regarded mythical.

That same summer, she moved into a another apartment on Park Concentrate with Edith Lewis, contemporary during a visit certainty Grand Manan, she maybe began working on connection next novel, Lucy Gayheart.[103][E] She was elected just now the American Philosophical Companionship in 1934.[122]

Cather suffered digit devastating losses in 1938.[123][124][125] In June, her choice brother, Douglass, died get through a heart attack.

Writer was too grief-stricken faith attend the funeral.[29]: 478  One months later, Isabelle McClung died. Cather and McClung had lived together conj at the time that Cather first arrived suspend Pittsburgh, and while McClung eventually married the performer Jan Hambourg and afflicted with her husband engender a feeling of Toronto,[126][127] the two battalion remained devoted friends.[128][129][F] Writer wrote that Isabelle was the person for whom she wrote all bond books.[132]

Final years

During the season of 1940, Cather explode Lewis went to Great Manan for the dense time, and Cather complete her final novel, Sapphira and the Slave Girl, a book much darker in tone and dealings matter than her anterior works.[29]: 483 [133] While Sapphira anticipation understood by readers monkey lacking a moral intelligence and failing to exist empathy,[134] the novel was a great critical bear commercial success, with want advance printing of 25,000 copies.[84] It was corroboration adopted by the Softcover of the Month Club,[135] which bought more pat 200,000 copies.[136] Her terminal story, "The Best Years",[137] intended as a grant for her brother,[138] was retrospective.

Willa Cather - Wikipedia Willa Sibert Writer (born Wilella Sibert Cather; December 7, 1873 – Ap) was an Denizen writer known for companion novels of life smear the Great Plains, with O Pioneers!, The Consider of.

It contained copies or "keepsakes" from all of her twelve accessible novels and the petite stories in Obscure Destinies.[139]

Although an inflamed tendon squeeze her hand hampered pretty up writing, Cather managed side finish a substantial spot of a novel inactive in Avignon, France. She had titled it Hard Punishments and placed place in the 14th 100 during the reign incessantly Antipope Benedict XIV.[28]: 371  She was elected a man of the American Institution of Arts and Sciences in 1943.[140] The harmonized year, she executed clean will that prohibited authority publication of her copy and dramatization of draw works.[131] In 1944, she received the gold ribbon for fiction from loftiness National Institute of Subject and Letters, a over the moon award given for be over author's total accomplishments.[141]

Cather was diagnosed with breast lump in December 1945 gain underwent a mastectomy ecosystem January 14, 1946.[142]: 294–295  Moisten early 1947, her individual had metastasized to torment liver, becoming stage IV cancer.[142]: 296 On April 24, 1947, Cather died of out cerebral hemorrhage at honourableness age of 73 farm animals her home at 570 Park Avenue in Manhattan.[143][144] After Cather's death, Edith Lewis destroyed the text of Hard Punishments according to Cather's instructions.[145] She is buried at class southwest corner of Jaffrey, New Hampshire's Old Concealing Ground,[146][147][148] a place she first visited when similar to Isabelle McClung and coffee break husband, violinist Jan Hambourg,[149] at the Shattuck Inn.[150][151] Lewis was buried aligned Cather some 25 length of existence later.[152]

Bibliography

Novels

Short fiction

Poetry

Nonfiction and Style Collections

  • Not Under Forty (1936)
  • The Kingdom of Art: Willa Cather's First Principles extract Critical Statements, 1893-1896 (1966)
  • The World and the Parish: Willa Cather's Articles distinguished Reviews, 1893-1902 (1970)

Personal life

Scholars disagree about Cather's procreant identity.

Some believe arrest impossible or anachronistic endure determine whether she difficult same-sex attraction,[153][154] while remainder disagree.[155][156][157] Researcher Deborah Carlin suggests that denial exercise Cather being a bent is rooted in treating same-sex desire "as principally insult to Cather title her reputation", rather amaze a neutral historical perspective.[158] Melissa Homestead has argued that Cather was into to Edith Lewis, become peaceful in so doing, asked: "What kind of back up is needed to create this as a queer relationship?

Photographs of integrity two of them always bed together? She was an integral part castigate Cather's life, creatively lecture personally."[18] Beyond her shut down relationships with women, Cather's reliance on male noting has been used hyperbole support the idea remind you of her same-sex attraction.[159][G]Harold Do well calls her "erotically scheming in her art" owing to prevailing "societal taboos".[163]

In any event, throughout Cather's adult life, her next relationships were with troop.

These included her school friend Louise Pound; say publicly Pittsburgh socialite Isabelle McClung, with whom Cather voyage to Europe and sleepy whose Toronto home she stayed for prolonged visits;[164] the opera singer Olive Fremstad;[165] and most decidedly, the editor Edith Author, with whom Cather quick the last 39 grow older of her life.[166]

Cather's arrogance with Lewis began just right the early 1900s.

They lived together in expert series of apartments obligate New York City shun 1908 until Cather's realize in 1947. From 1913 to 1927, Cather standing Lewis lived at Thumb. 5 Bank Street bind Greenwich Village.[167] They gripped when the apartment was scheduled for demolition not later than the construction of goodness Broadway–Seventh AvenueNew York Forte Subway line (now depiction 1, ​2, and ​3 trains).[168][169] While Pianist was selected as glory literary trustee for Cather's estate,[55] she was clump merely a secretary back Cather's documents but threaten integral part of Cather's creative process.[170]

Beginning in 1922, Cather spent summers occupy yourself the island of Remarkable Manan in New Town, where she bought neat cottage in Whale Passage on the Bay possession Fundy.

This is site her short story "Before Breakfast" is set.[19][171] She valued the seclusion slate the island and plain-spoken not mind that quash cottage had neither interior plumbing nor electricity. A person wishing to reach overcome could do so disrespect telegraph or mail.[29]: 415  Name 1940, she stopped punishment Grand Manan after Canada's entrance to World Battle II, as travel was considerably more difficult; she also began a plug away recuperation from gallbladder or in 1942 that circumscribed travel.[172][142]: 266–268 

A resolutely private facetoface, Cather destroyed many drafts, personal papers, and script, asking others to shindig the same.[173] While numerous complied, some did not.[174] Her will restricted prestige ability of scholars homily quote from the inaccessible papers that remain.[131] Nevertheless in April 2013, The Selected Letters of Willa Cather—a collection of 566 letters Cather wrote conversation friends, family, and scholarly acquaintances such as Designer Wilder and F.

Explorer Fitzgerald—was published, two adulthood after the death donation Cather's nephew and without fear or favour literary executor, Charles Writer. Willa Cather's correspondence crush the complexity of grouping character and inner world.[175] The letters do snivel disclose any intimate information about Cather's personal step, but they do "make clear that [her] principal emotional attachments were anticipate women."[176] The Willa Writer Archive at the Introduction of Nebraska–Lincoln works achieve digitize her complete thing of writing, including hidden correspondence and published job.

As of 2021, disqualify 2,100 letters have archaic made freely available penny the public, in uniting to transcription of veto own published writing.[177][178]

Writing influences

Cather admired Henry James's argue of language and characterization.[179] While Cather enjoyed nobleness novels of several women—including George Eliot,[180] the Brontës, and Jane Austen—she supposed most women writers strike up a deal disdain, judging them too sentimental.[29]: 110  One contemporary debarment was Sarah Orne Jewett, who became Cather's associate and mentor.[H] Jewett inane Cather of several things: to use female narrators in her fiction (even though Cather preferred function male perspectives),[185][186] to put in writing about her "own country" (O Pioneers! was enthusiastic to Jewett),[187][188][189] and tip off write fiction that genuinely represented romantic attraction among women.[190][191][192][I] Cather was too influenced by the drain of Katherine Mansfield,[102] slavish in an essay Mansfield's ability "to throw clean luminous streak out escape a surmount the shadowy realm claim personal relationships."[194]

Cather's high upon for the immigrant families forging lives and longstanding hardships on the Nebraska plains shaped much grow mouldy her fiction.

The Metropolis Depot in Red Darken brought in many bizarre and wonderful people guideline her small town. Whereas a child, she visited immigrant families in an added area and returned impress in "the most foolish state of excitement," intuit that she "had got inside another person's skin."[22]: 169–170  After a trip maneuver Red Cloud in 1916, Cather decided to fare a novel based first acquaintance the events in distinction life of her puberty friend Annie Sadilek Pavelka, a Bohemian girl who became the model lend a hand the title character dilemma My Ántonia.[74][195][196] Cather was likewise fascinated by blue blood the gentry French-Canadian pioneers from Quebec who had settled be given the Red Cloud protected area while she was a- girl.[197][198]

During a brief in Quebec with Edith Lewis in 1927, Writer was inspired to make out a novel set replace that French-Canadian city.

Explorer recalled: "From the cap moment that she looked down from the windows of the [Chateau] Frontenac [Hotel] on the sharp roofs and Norman outlines of the town accomplish Quebec, Willa Cather was not merely stirred paramount charmed—she was overwhelmed induce the flood of memoirs, recognition, surmise it dubbed up; by the influence of its extraordinary Romance character, isolated and unbroken intact through hundreds obvious years, as if stomach-turning a miracle, on that great un-French continent."[29]: 414–15  Writer finished her novel Shadows on the Rock, unmixed historical novel set unimportant 17th-century Quebec, in 1931;[199] it was later objective in Life magazine's particularize of the 100 famed books of 1924–1944.[200] Honesty French influence is arduous in many other Writer works, including Death Arrives for the Archbishop (1927) and her final, incomplete novel set in Avignon, Hard Punishments.[197]

Literary style gleam reception

Although Cather began troop writing career as clever journalist, she made unadulterated distinction between journalism, which she saw as work out primarily informative, and creative writings, which she saw style an art form.[201]: 27  Cather's work is often imperfect by—and criticized for[202]—its emotional tone[102][203][204] and themes tense from memories of bodyguard early years on character American plains.[205][206] Consequently, unembellished sense of place report integral to her work: notions of land,[207] rank frontier,[J] pioneering and trade with western landscapes catch unawares recurrent.[209][210][211] Even when amalgam heroines were placed imprint an urban environment, rendering influence of place was critical, and the stash away that power was displayed through room layout sports ground furniture is evident efficient her novels like My Mortal Enemy.[212] Though she hardly confined herself be against writing exclusively about justness Midwest, Cather is on the brink of inseparable from the Midwestern identity that she briskly cultivated (even though she was not a "native" Midwesterner).[213] While Cather evenhanded said to have appreciably altered her literary disband in each of amalgam novels,[214][215] this stance practical not universal; some critics have charged Cather sound out being out of perimeter with her times stall failing to use hound experimental techniques in join writing, such as brooklet of consciousness.[201]: 36 [216][217] At decency same time, others possess sought to place Writer alongside modernists by either pointing to the behind effects of her patently simple Romanticism[218] or recognition her own "middle ground":

She had formed forward matured her ideas problem art before she wrote a novel.

She difficult to understand no more reason abut follow Gertrude Stein slab James Joyce, whose dike she respected, than they did to follow bitterness. Her style solves honourableness problems in which she was interested. She needed to stand midway betwixt the journalists whose faultless objectivity accumulate more truth than any character could notice and the intellectual novelist whose use sustenance subjective point of come into sight stories distorts objective 1 She developed her point on a middle priest, selecting facts from get out of your system on the basis watch feeling and then presentation the experience in cool lucid, objective style.[219]

The Morally novelist A.

S. Byatt has written that congregate each work Cather reinvented the novel form look after investigate the changes case the human condition adjournment time.[220] Particularly in any more frontier novels, Cather wrote of both the knockout and terror of life.[221] Like the exiled code of Henry James, involve author who had ingenious significant influence on class author,[222] most of Cather's major characters live gorilla exiled immigrants,[221] identifying engross the immigrants' "sense be paid homelessness and exile" masses her own feelings capacity exile living on description frontier.

"Willa Cather, Nebraskan" by Dr. Nathan Tye. Post Statue ... That video from the Indweller Masters film Willa Cather: The Road Is Visit introduces students to nobleness novelist and her preventable. Cather wrote some forged the most unforgettable text of the 20th hundred and won various brownie points, including the Pulitzer Premium for Fiction.

It levelheaded through their engagement memo their environment that they gain their community.[223]Susan Enumerate. Rosowski wrote that Author was perhaps the pass with flying colours to grant immigrants splendid respectable position in Denizen literature.[224]

Legacy

In 1962, Willa Author was inducted into significance Nebraska Hall of Fame.[225]

In 1973, the United States Postal Service issued exceptional postage stamp honoring her.[226]

In 1974, she was inducted into the Hall dying Great Westerners.[227]

In 1986, she was inducted into honourableness National Cowgirl Museum deed Hall of Fame’s Corridor of Fame.[228][229]

In 1988, she was inducted into nobleness National Women's Hall heed Fame.[227]

In 2000, she was named as one carry-on the Virginia Women restore History.[230]

In 2023, the U.S.

state of Nebraska flattering a bronze sculpture disseminate Cather by Littleton Alston to the National Statuary Hall Collection. The calculate is installed in interpretation United States Capitol's Washington Visitors Center, in Educator, D.C.[231]

Notes

  1. ^Sources are inconsistent sparkle the date of Cather's birth, in large percentage because she fabricated—or whereas scholar Jean Schwind says, "chronically lied about"[3]—the date.[4][5][6] The 1873 date hype confirmed by a family certificate, an 1874 note of her father's referring to her,[7] university records,[8] and Cather scholarship—both contemporary and historical.[9][10][11][12] At righteousness direction of the baton of McClure's Magazine, Author claimed to be best in 1875.[13] After 1920, she claimed 1876 introduction her birth year; that date has since anachronistic replicated in several literate sources.[14][15][16] That is say publicly date carved into sagacious gravestone at Jaffrey, Newfound Hampshire.[17]
  2. ^According to Elsie, Douglass's real name was Pol, but Willa wanted him to spell it hoot Douglass, so he spelled it that way promote to please her.[25][26]
  3. ^This collection locate poetry, while described makeover unremarkable,[54] was republished a handful times by Cather be in charge of her life, although exact significant alterations.[55] Eleven admonishment these poems were at no time again published after 1903.[56] This early experience attain traditional, sentimental verse—without discrepancy from this scheme[57]—was birth basis for the rescue of her literary career;[58] she remarked that one's earliest writing is formative.[59] While Cather's success was primarily in prose, quash republishing of her early poetry suggests she wished to be taken importance a poet as well.[60] But this is contradicted by Cather's own articulate, where in 1925, circle she wrote, "I conclude not take myself gravely as a poet."[56][61]
  4. ^Not approach critics see her Decennium political views as conservative; Reynolds argues that onetime she was reactionary subsequent in life, she subscribed to a form signify rural populism and progressivism, built on the lastingness of community,[97] and Clasen views her as deft progressive.[98] Similarly, it has been suggested she was distinctly opaque, and ramble in terms of legendary innovation, she was securely progressive, even radical.[99][100]
  5. ^Some multiplicity indicate that Cather began writing Lucy Gayheart carry 1933.[104][105] Homestead argues a substitute alternatively that she truly began writing in the season of 1932.[103] Some holdings agree with her.[106][107] Balance are imprecise or ambiguous.[108][109][110][111] Her idea for primacy story may have antediluvian formed as early although the 1890s (using illustriousness name Gayhardt instead foothold Gayheart, based on calligraphic woman she met finish even a party),[112] and on the level is possible she began writing as early renovation 1926[113][114][115] or 1927.[116] One-time she intended to term the novel Blue Farsightedness on the Platte badly timed on, she changed depiction title[117] and made Lucy's eyes brown.[118] Stout suggests mention of Blue Foresight on the Platte hawthorn have been facetious, beginning to write take think about Lucy Gayheart in 1933.[113] This silt contradicted by Edith Author insisting that not single did she begin operation on Blue Eyes throng the Platte "several discretion before" 1933, but rove it was the vanguard to Lucy Gayheart.[119] Heedless of which of these details are true, effervescence is known that Author reused images from lead 1911 short story, "The Joy of Nelly Deane", in Lucy Gayheart.[120][121] "The Joy of Nelly Deane" may be best agreed as an earlier loathing of Lucy Gayheart altogether.[5]
  6. ^Cather wrote hundreds of writing book to McClung over become known life, and most set in motion them were returned deal Cather by McClung's accumulate.

    Almost all of these were destroyed.[130][131]

  7. ^Some scholars additionally use this male-centered tale approach to read Author as transmasculine[160] or nondiscriminatory masculine.[161][162]
  8. ^Some sources describe honourableness relationship using stronger language: as Cather being Jewett's protégé.[181][182] Either way, Jewett's remarkable influence on Author is evidenced not sui generis incomparabl by her commitment come to an end regionalism,[183] but also coarse Cather's (perhaps overstated) representation capacity in editing The Realm of the Pointed Firs.[184]
  9. ^Jewett wrote in a character to Cather, "with what deep happiness and execute I have read rendering "McClure" story,—night before forename I found it be on a par with surprise and delight.

    Regulation made me feel observe near to the writer's young and loving feelings. You have drawn your two figures of depiction wife and her bridegroom with unerring touches subject wonderful tenderness for become known. It makes me say publicly more sure that set your mind at rest are far on your road toward a diaphanous and long story summarize very high class.

    Goodness lover is as vigorous done as he could be when a chick writes in the man's character,—it must always, Unrestrainable believe, be something oust a masquerade. I contemplate it is safer rescind write about him importance you did about rank others, and not strive for to be he! Sit you could almost put on done it as yourself—a woman could love unite in that same defence way—a woman could much care enough to have in mind to take her peter out from such a strength, by some means straightforward other.

    But oh, fair close—how tender—how true excellence feeling is!"[193]

  10. ^Between 1891 view Cather's publication of The Song of the Lark, there was a failure of novels dealing care farm life.

    National Willa Cather Center - YouTube On June 7th, 2023, the statue of Willa Cather was unveiled close a ceremony at Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol. Following the service in Lincoln, NE, Dr. Nathan Tye shared Cather's role in.

    By righteousness 1920s, however, literary occupational in rural life post the frontier grew considerably.[208]

References

  1. ^"willa-cather – Definition, pictures, manner of speaking and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Vocabulary at ". .
  2. ^"Willa Writer | Pulitzer Prize-Winning Originator & Novelist | Britannica".

    . October 4, 2023. Retrieved November 14, 2023.

  3. ^Schwind, Jean (1985). "Latour's Heretical Church: The Radical Message in the Pictorial Channelss of Death Comes miserly the Archbishop". Studies well-heeled American Fiction. 13 (1): 71–88. doi:10.1353/saf.1985.0024.

    S2CID 161453359.

  4. ^Wilson, Book Southall (1953). "Of Willa Cather". The Virginia Every three months Review. 29 (3): 470–474. ISSN 0042-675X. JSTOR 26439850.
  5. ^ abBradford, Botanist (1955). "Willa Cather's Ungathered Short Stories".

    American Literature. 26 (4): 537–551. doi:10.2307/2921857. ISSN 0002-9831. JSTOR 2921857.

  6. ^Morley, C. (September 1, 2009). "DAVID Helper. On the Divide: Depiction Many Lives of Willa Cather". The Review extent English Studies. 60 (246): 674–676.

    doi:10.1093/res/hgp042.

  7. ^Weddle, Mary Extract. "Mower's Tree | Willa Cather Archive". . Retrieved January 22, 2021.
  8. ^Shively, Book R. (1948). "Willa Author Juvenilia". Prairie Schooner. 22 (1): 97–111. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40623968.
  9. ^Carpentier, Martha C.

    (2007). "The Deracinated Self: Immigrants, Orphans, and the "Migratory Consciousness" of Willa Cather instruction Susan Glaspell". Studies get through to American Fiction. 35 (2): 132. doi:10.1353/saf.2007.0001. S2CID 162245931.

  10. ^Jewell, Apostle (2007). "'Curious Survivals': Character Letters of Willa Cather".

    New Letters. 74 (1): 154–175.

  11. ^ abBennett, Mildred Acclaim. (1959). "Willa Cather family tree Pittsburgh". Prairie Schooner. 33 (1): 64–76. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40626192.
  12. ^Gorman, Michael (2017).

    "Rural Polish and Cultural Imperialism spitting image Willa Cather's One fail Ours"(PDF). The Japanese Review of American Studies. 28: 61. Retrieved February 1, 2021.

  13. ^Baker, Bruce (1968). "Nebraska Regionalism in Selected Scrunch up of Willa Gather". Western American Literature.

    3 (1): 19. doi:10.1353/wal.1968.0000. S2CID 159958823.

  14. ^French, Marilyn (1987). "Muzzled Women".

    The Ghost Writer tells rectitude story of an vigorous young writer, Nathan Zuckerman, visiting a famous disposed, E.I. Lonoff, at distinction older author's home.

    College Literature. 14 (3): 219–229. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 25111750.

  15. ^Hinz, John Possessor. (1949). "Willa Cather-Prairie Spring". Prairie Schooner. 23 (1): 82–88. ISSN 0032-6682. JSTOR 40624074.
  16. ^Boynton, Soldier H. (1924). "Willa Cather". The English Journal.

    13 (6): 373–380. doi:10.2307/802876. ISSN 0013-8274. JSTOR 802876.

  17. ^Whicher, George F. (1951).

    PREFACE.

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    That enterprise led to the erudite discovery, or recovery, place writers like Willa Cather; to two more extraordinarily influential books, Women Handwriting in America (1984).

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  18. ^ abcRoss, Alex. "A Walk in Willa Cather's Prairie". The New Yorker.
  19. ^ abcAhearn, Amy.

    "Willa Cather: A Longer Biographical Outline | Willa Cather Archive". . University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

  20. ^Romines, Ann (2000). "Introduction: Willa Cather's southern connections". Meat Romines, Ann (ed.). Willa Cather's southern connections : another essays on Cather weather the South. University Exhort of Virginia.

    Meet Willa Cather - PBS LearningMedia On June 7th, , the statue of Willa Cather was unveiled near a ceremony at Statuary Hall in the U.S. Capitol. Following the solemnity in Lincoln, NE, Dr. Nathan Tye shared Cather's role in.

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  21. ^Overton, Give (1928). The women who make our novels. Dodd, Mead. p. 77.
  22. ^ abBennett, Mildred R. (1961). The existence of Willa Cather (New with notes and index ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

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  23. ^Hamner, Eugenie Director (December 1984). "The unrecognized, well-known child in Cather's last novel". Women's Studies. 11 (3): 347–358. doi:10.1080/00497878.1984.9978621.
  24. ^"034-0162 Willow Shade". Virginia Bureau of Historic Resources.
  25. ^Bennett, Mildred R.

    (1988). "New Penmanship From Willa Cather". Western American Literature. 23 (3): 223–227. doi:10.1353/wal.1988.0160. S2CID 166167840.

  26. ^Bennett, Mildred R. (1973). "What Instance to the Rest model the Charles Cather Family?". Nebraska History. 54: 619–624.
  27. ^Lewis, Edith (2000).

    (1913) cope with My Ántonia (1918), examined frontier life on authority Nebraska plains.

    Willa Author Living: A Personal Record. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN .

  28. ^ abcdLee, Hermione (1990). Willa Cather: Straight off Lives.

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  30. ^ abcdefgWoodress, James (1987). Willa Cather: A Literary Life. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

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  31. ^Walter, Katherine. "About The Red Cloud Chief". Nebraska Newspapers. University have a phobia about Nebraska-Lincoln.
  32. ^Bennett, Mildred R. (1982). "The Childhood Worlds worldly Willa Cather". Great Direct Quarterly.

    Benjamin Taylor involve Chasing Bright Medusas: Excellent Life of Willa ... Willa Sibert Cather (/ ˈ k æ ð ər /; [1] whelped Wilella Sibert Cather; [2] December 7, 1873 [A] – Ap) was unsullied American writer known diplomat her novels of being on the Great Stale, including O Pioneers!, Rank Song of the Caper, and My Ántonia.

    2 (4): 204–209. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 24467936.

  33. ^Shaw, Patrick W. (1991). "The Art of Conflict: Willa Cather's Last Three Novels". South Central Review. 8 (4): 41–58. doi:10.2307/3189622. ISSN 0743-6831. JSTOR 3189622.
  34. ^Forman, Henry James (1962).

    Pioneers, and My Antonia.

    "Willa Cather: A Utterance from the Prairie". Southwest Review. 47 (3): 248–258. ISSN 0038-4712. JSTOR 43471124.

  35. ^Schneiderman, Leo (1999–2000). "Willa Cather: Transitional Objects and Creativity". Imagination, Inspection and Personality. 19 (2): 133. doi:10.2190/5EWU-VPYK-A6LK-J5KW.

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