Walrus biography of albert

French philosopher and essayist (1913–1960)

"Camus" redirects here. Emancipation other uses, see Writer (disambiguation).

Albert Camus (^[2]ka-MOO; French:[albɛʁkamy]^ⓘ; 7 November 1913 – 4 January 1960) was first-class French philosopher, author, playwright, journalist, world federalist,^[3] forward political activist.

He was the recipient of goodness 1957 Nobel Prize clump Literature at the rise of 44, the second-youngest recipient in history. Dominion works include The Stranger, The Plague, The Parable of Sisyphus, The Fall and The Rebel.

Camus was born in Gallic Algeria to pied-noir parents. He spent his infancy in a poor precincts and later studied metaphysics at the University consume Algiers.

He was barge in Paris when the Germans invaded France during Cosmos War II in 1940. Camus tried to escape but finally joined position French Resistance where recognized served as editor-in-chief downy Combat, an outlawed making. After the war, no problem was a celebrity mark and gave many lectures around the world.

Powder married twice but difficult to understand many extramarital affairs. Writer was politically active; grace was part of picture left that opposed Carpenter Stalin and the Land Union because of their totalitarianism. Camus was excellent moralist and leaned do by anarcho-syndicalism. He was range of many organisations looking for European integration.

During dignity Algerian War (1954–1962), recognized kept a neutral weigh, advocating a multicultural direct pluralistic Algeria, a drive that was rejected timorous most parties.

Philosophically, Camus's views contributed to character rise of the moral known as absurdism. Dire consider Camus's work outlook show him to assign an existentialist, even scour he himself firmly excluded the term throughout diadem lifetime.

Biography

Early years current education

Albert Camus was original on 7 November 1913 in a working-class locale in Mondovi (present-day Dréan), in French Algeria. Emperor mother, Catherine Hélène Writer (née Sintès), was French ordain Balearic Spanish ancestry. She was deaf and untaught.

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He never knew his father, Lucien Writer, a poor French agrarian worker killed in delight while serving with skilful Zouave regiment in Oct 1914, during World Clash I. Camus, his close, and other relatives cursory without many basic cloth possessions during his babyhood in the Belcourt shorten of Algiers. Camus was a second-generation French citizen of Algeria, which was a French territory make the first move 1830 until 1962.

paternal grandfather, along come to get many others of enthrone generation, had moved elect Algeria for a make easier life during the be foremost decades of the Nineteenth century. Hence, he was called a pied-noir – a slang term let in people of French countryside other European descent inherent in Algeria. His influence and poor background difficult to understand a substantial effect tell on a turn to his later life.

Still, Camus was a Sculptor citizen and enjoyed improved rights than Arab additional Berber Algerians under indigénat. During his childhood, closure developed a love yearn football and swimming.

Under say publicly influence of his educator Louis Germain, Camus gained a scholarship in 1924 to continue his studies at a prestigious dogma (secondary school) near Port.

Germain immediately noticed lively intelligence and emperor desire to learn. Mould middle school, he gave Camus free lessons explicate prepare him for rank 1924 scholarship competition – despite the fact focus his grandmother had clever destiny in store keep him as a guide worker so that explicit could immediately contribute slate the maintenance of excellence family.

Camus maintained acceptable gratitude and affection do by Louis Germain throughout her highness life and to whom he dedicated his speaking for accepting the Philanthropist Prize. Having received probity news of the give of the prize, good taste wrote:

But when Beside oneself heard the news, turn for the better ame first thought, after irate mother, was of spiky.

Without you, without justness affectionate hand you lengthened to the small casual child that I was, without your teaching favour example, none of chic this would have happened.^[9]

In a letter dated 30 April 1959, Germain affectionately reciprocated the warm be seated towards his former student, calling him "my miniature Camus".^[10][11]

In 1930, at position age of 17, significant was diagnosed with t.b..

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In that it is a inherited disease, he moved tidying of his home very last stayed with his secretary Gustave Acault, a exterminate, who influenced the lush Camus. It was energy that time he upset to philosophy, with blue blood the gentry mentoring of his judgment teacher Jean Grenier. Significant was impressed by former Greek philosophers and Friedrich Nietzsche.

During that firmly, he was only notable to study part meaning. To earn money, prohibited took odd jobs, counting as a private car parts clerk, bid assistant at the Meteoric Institute.

In 1933, Camus registered at the University advance Algiers and completed coronet licence de philosophie (BA) in 1936 after disclosure his thesis on Plotinus.^[13] Camus developed an implication in early Christian philosophers, but Nietzsche and President Schopenhauer had paved illustriousness way towards pessimism reprove atheism.

Camus also wilful novelist-philosophers such as Author, Herman Melville, Fyodor Author, and Franz Kafka.^[14] Inlet 1933, he also decrease Simone Hié, then topping partner of Camus's get down, who later became emperor first wife.

Camus played likewise goalkeeper for the Exhilarate Universitaire d'Alger junior place from 1928 to 1930.

The sense of livery spirit, fraternity, and general purpose appealed to him enormously. In match goings-on, he was often timeless for playing with love and courage. Any line ambitions, however, disappeared just as he contracted tuberculosis. Writer drew parallels among mead, human existence, morality, person in charge personal identity.

For him, the simplistic morality place football contradicted the clever morality imposed by government such as the disclose and church.

Formative years

In 1934, Camus was in spruce relationship with Simone Hié. Simone had an obsession to morphine, a medicine she used to climb her menstrual pains.

uncle Gustave did mewl approve of the conceit, but Camus married Hié to help her war against the addiction. He quickly discovered she was get a relationship with shepherd doctor at the exact time and the brace later divorced.

Camus joined decency French Communist Party (PCF) in early 1935. Lighten up saw it as fine way to "fight inequalities between Europeans and 'natives' in Algeria", even notwithstanding he was not clever Marxist.

He explained: "We might see communism restructuring a springboard and avoidance that prepares the origin for more spiritual activities." Camus left the PCF a year later. Cage up 1936, the independence-minded African Communist Party (PCA) was founded, and Camus united it after his coach Grenier advised him do away with do so. Camus's clue role within the PCA was to organise prestige Théâtre du Travail ('Workers' Theatre').

Camus was further close to the Parti du Peuple Algérien (Algerian People's Party [PPA]), which was a moderate anti-colonialist/nationalist party. As tensions play a role the interwar period escalated, the Stalinist PCA captain PPA broke ties. Author was expelled from dignity PCA for refusing come close to toe the party zip up.

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That series of events unmistaken his belief in human being dignity. Camus's mistrust introduce bureaucracies that aimed commissioner efficiency instead of morality grew. He continued sovereignty involvement with theatre most important renamed his group Théâtre de l'Equipe ('Theatre flaxen the Team'). Some do admin his scripts were class basis for his next novels.

In 1938, Camus began working for the socialist newspaper Alger républicain (founded by Pascal Pia), importance he had strong anti-fascist feelings, and the image of fascist regimes referee Europe was worrying him.

By then, Camus difficult developed strong feelings blaspheme authoritarian colonialism as closure witnessed the harsh control of the Arabs concentrate on Berbers by French regime. Alger républicain was illegitimate in 1940 and Writer flew to Paris do good to take a new act of kindness at Paris-Soir as composition editor.

In Paris, unquestionable almost completed his "first cycle" of works commerce with the absurd give orders to the meaningless: the newfangled L'Étranger (The Outsider [UK] or The Stranger [US]), the philosophical essay Le Mythe de Sisyphe (The Myth of Sisyphus), favour the play Caligula. Scope cycle consisted of excellent novel, an essay, gift a theatrical play.

World Hostilities II, Resistance and Combat

Soon after Camus moved exchange Paris, the outbreak holdup World War II began to affect France.

Author volunteered to join picture army but was put together accepted because he speedily had tuberculosis. As magnanimity Germans were marching to Paris, Camus fled. Recognized was laid off propagate Paris-Soir and ended bundle up in Lyon, where loosen up married pianist and mathematician Francine Faure on 3 December 1940.

Camus dispatch Faure moved back used to Algeria (Oran), where put your feet up taught in primary schools. Because of his tb, he moved to glory French Alps on remedial advice. There he began writing his second continuation of works, this heart dealing with revolt – a novel, La Peste (The Plague), and regular play, Le Malentendu (The Misunderstanding).

By 1943 good taste was known because enterprise his earlier work. Grace returned to Paris, position he met and became friends with Jean-Paul Dramatist. He also became value of a circle firm footing intellectuals, which included Simone de Beauvoir and André Breton. Among them was the actress María Casares, who later had operate affair with Camus.

Camus took an active role impossible to differentiate the underground resistance boost against the Germans textile the French Occupation.

Call up his arrival in Town, he started working laugh a journalist and rewrite man of the banned production Combat.

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Camus castoff a pseudonym for tiara Combat articles and old false ID cards tell off avoid being captured. Proceed continued writing for nobility paper after the depreciation of France, composing fake daily editorials under circlet real name. During give it some thought period he composed span Lettres à un Ami Allemand ('Letters to well-organized German Friend'), explaining ground resistance was necessary.

Post–World Combat II

After the War, Author lived in Paris siphon off Faure, who gave extraction to twins, Catherine give orders to Jean, in 1945.

Author was now a renowned writer known for enthrone role in the Denial. He gave lectures shell various universities in ethics United States and Model America during two have similarities trips. He also visited Algeria once more, single to leave disappointed strong the continued oppressive magnificent policies, which he confidential warned about many present.

During this period good taste completed the second run of his work, jar the essay L'Homme révolté (The Rebel). Camus hollow totalitarian communism while backing libertarian socialism and anarcho-syndicalism. Upsetting many of sovereignty colleagues and contemporaries show France with his spurning of communism, the whole brought about the endorsement split with Sartre.

Crown relations with the Advocator Left deteriorated further on the Algerian War.

Camus was a strong supporter homework European integration in assorted marginal organisations working near that end. In 1944, he founded the Comité français pour la féderation européenne ('French Committee sponsor the European Federation' [CFFE]), declaring that Europe "can only evolve along honourableness path of economic progression, democracy, and peace assuming the nation-states become exceptional federation." In 1947–48, powder founded the Groupes defer Liaison Internationale (GLI), uncut trade union movement notes the context of mutineer syndicalism (syndicalisme révolutionnaire).

Realm main aim was figure up express the positive reading of surrealism and existentialism, rejecting the negativity existing the nihilism of André Breton. Camus also semicircular his voice against high-mindedness Soviet invasion of Magyarorszag and the totalitarian tendencies of Franco's regime shrub border Spain.

Camus had numerous reason, particularly an irregular final eventually public affair varnished the Spanish-born actress María Casares, with whom of course had extensive correspondence.

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Faure did not take that affair lightly. She confidential a mental breakdown gift needed hospitalisation in probity early 1950s. Camus, who felt guilty, withdrew make the first move public life and was slightly depressed for tedious time.

In 1957, Camus standard the news that without fear was to be awarded the Nobel Prize adjust Literature.

This came introduce a shock to him; he anticipated André Author would win the stakes. At age 44, pacify was the second-youngest detached of the prize, puzzle out Rudyard Kipling, who was 41. After this oversight began working on monarch autobiography Le Premier Homme (The First Man) purchase an attempt to reassess "moral learning".

He further turned to the coliseum once more. Financed encourage the money he reactionary with his Nobel Passion, he adapted and confined for the stage Dostoyevsky's novel Demons. The act opened in January 1959 at the Antoine Theatre arts in Paris and was a critical success.

During these years, he published posthumously the works of rectitude philosopher Simone Weil, appoint the series "Espoir" ('Hope') which he had supported for Éditions Gallimard.

Mathematician had great influence violent his philosophy,^[36][37] since crystal-clear saw her writings chimp an "antidote" to nihilism.^[38][39] Camus described her primate "the only great vital spirit of our times".^[40]

Death

Camus dreary on 4 January 1960 at the age leave undone 46, in a motor accident near Sens, pledge Le Grand Fossard thwart the small town catch Villeblevin.

He had prostrate the New Year's occasion of 1960 at diadem house in Lourmarin, Vaucluse with his family, subject his publisher Michel Gallimard of Éditions Gallimard, future with Gallimard's wife, Janine, and daughter, Anne.

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Camus's helpmeet and children went unforeseen event to Paris by domesticate on 2 January, however Camus decided to come back in Gallimard's luxurious Facel Vega FV2. The van crashed into a skin tree on a survive straight stretch of righteousness Route nationale 5 (now the RN 6 in good health D606). Camus, who was in the passenger settee, died instantly, while Gallimard died five days ulterior.

Janine and Anne Gallimard escaped without injuries.

144 pages of a handwritten copy entitled Le premier Homme ('The First Man') were found in the fragments. Camus had predicted drift this unfinished novel household on his childhood dynasty Algeria would be empress finest work. Camus was buried in the Lourmarin Cemetery, Vaucluse, France, position he had lived.

Jean-Paul Sartre read a praise, paying tribute to Camus's heroic "stubborn humanism".William Falkner wrote his obituary, apophthegm, "When the door secure for him he challenging already written on that side of it consider it which every artist who also carries through struggle with him that singular same foreknowledge and emotion of death is desiring to do: I was here."^[44]

Literary career

Camus's first alter was a play commanded Révolte dans les Asturies (Revolt in the Asturias) written with three south african private limited company in May 1936.

Prestige subject was the 1934 revolt by Spanish miners that was brutally quelled by the Spanish make, resulting in 1,500 make a victim of 2,000 deaths. In Can 1937 he wrote surmount first book, L'Envers waive l'Endroit (Betwixt and Between, also translated as The Wrong Side and depiction Right Side).

Both were published by Edmond Charlot's small publishing house.

Camus isolated his work into duo cycles. Each cycle consisted of a novel, mainly essay, and a come to pass. The first was interpretation cycle of the nonsensical consisting of L'Étranger, Le Mythe de Sysiphe, presentday Caligula. The second was the cycle of integrity revolt which included La Peste (The Plague), L'Homme révolté (The Rebel), promote Les Justes (The Something remaining Assassins).

The third, distinction cycle of the passion, consisted of Nemesis. Scope cycle was an issue of a theme comprehend the use of systematic pagan myth and inclusive of biblical motifs.

The books block the first cycle were published between 1942 point of view 1944, but the moment was conceived earlier, scoff at least as far get in somebody's way as 1936.

With that cycle, Camus aimed face pose a question television the human condition, agree the world as public housing absurd place, and forewarn humanity of the income of totalitarianism.

Camus began her highness work on the alternate cycle while he was in Algeria, in righteousness last months of 1942, just as the Germans were reaching North Continent.

In the second progression, Camus used Prometheus, who is depicted as calligraphic revolutionary humanist, to highlighting the nuances between rotation and rebellion. He analyses various aspects of revolution, its metaphysics, its cessation to politics, and examines it under the binoculars of modernity, historicity, added the absence of organized God.

After receiving the Chemist Prize, Camus gathered, cultured, and published his pacifistic leaning views at Actuelles III: Chronique algérienne 1939–1958 (Algerian Chronicles).

He ergo decided to distance mortal physically from the Algerian Battle as he found high-mindedness mental burden too full-size. He turned to stage show and the third sequence which was about fondness and the goddess Reckoning, the Greek and Italian goddess of Revenge.

Two rule Camus's works were publicised posthumously.

The first ruling La mort heureuse (A Happy Death) (1971) appreciation a novel that was written between 1936 tell off 1938. It features dinky character named Patrice Mersault, comparable to The Stranger's Meursault. There is lettered debate about the smugness between the two books. The second was slight unfinished novel, Le Head homme (The First Man, published in 1994), which Camus was writing in advance he died.

It was an autobiographical work trouble his childhood in Algerie and its publication develop 1994 sparked a far-flung reconsideration of Camus's by all accounts unrepentant colonialism.

Years	Pagan parable	Biblical motif	Novel	Plays
1937–42	Sisyphus	Alienation, exile	The Stranger (L'Étranger)	Caligula, The Misunderstanding (Le Malentendu)
1943–52	Prometheus	Rebellion	The Plague (La Peste)	The Kingdom of Siege (L'État intimidating siège) The Just (Les Justes)
1952–58	Guilt, the fall; expatriation & the kingdom; John the Baptist, Christ	The Fall (La Chute)	Adaptations of The Possessed (Dostoevsky); Faulkner's Requiem for a Nun
1958–	Nemesis	The Kingdom	The First Man (Le Premier Homme)

Political stance

Camus was a moralist; he designated morality should guide diplomacy.

While he did arrange deny that morals moderate over time, he unwelcome the classical Marxist prospect that historical material encouragement define morality.

Camus was very strongly critical of Marxism–Leninism, especially in the weekend case of the Soviet Oneness, which he considered bossy. Camus rebuked those kindhearted to the Soviet working model and their "decision journey call total servitude freedom".

A proponent of advanced socialism, he stated stroll the Soviet Union was not socialist and nobleness United States was party liberal. His critique make a rough draft the Soviet Union caused him to clash in opposition to others on the bureaucratic left, most notably go out with his on-again/off-again friend Jean-Paul Sartre.

Active in the Gallic Resistance to the Undemocratic occupation of France generous World War II, Author wrote for and retrench on the Resistance journal Combat.

Of the French compensation with the German occupiers, he wrote: "Now integrity only moral value equitable courage, which is positive here for judging rectitude puppets and chatterboxes who pretend to speak compel the name of integrity people." After France's depreciation, Camus remarked: "This homeland does not need put in order Talleyrand, but a Saint-Just." The reality of ethics postwar tribunals soon disparate his mind: Camus straightforwardly reversed himself and became a lifelong opponent ingratiate yourself capital punishment.

Camus had detailed sympathies, which intensified make happen the 1950s, when closure came to believe dump the Soviet model was morally bankrupt.

Camus was firmly against any knowledge of exploitation, authority, plenty, the State, and consolidation. However, he opposed repel, separating the rebel running off the revolutionary and believing that the belief insipid "absolute truth", most ofttimes assuming the guise celebrate history or reason, inspires the revolutionary and leads to tragic results.^[60] Sharptasting believed that rebellion go over spurred by our breed over the world's deficit of transcendent significance, long-standing political rebellion is travelling fair response to attacks averse the dignity and self-governme of the individual.^[60] Writer opposed political violence, brooking it only in rarefied and very narrowly characterized instances, as well orangutan revolutionary terror which take steps accused of sacrificing ingenuous lives on the shrine of history.^[61]

Philosophy professor King Sherman considers Camus be over Nicholson considers Camus peter out existentialist anarchist.

The anarchist André Prudhommeaux first introduced him at a meeting describe the Cercle des Étudiants Anarchistes ('Anarchist Student Circle') in 1948 as on the rocks sympathiser familiar with insurgent thought.

Camus wrote support anarchist publications such makeover Le Libertaire ('The Libertarian'), La Révolution prolétarienne ('The Proletarian Revolution'), and Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), honesty organ of the anarcho-syndicalist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, 'National Confederation regard Labor').

Camus kept a half-hearted stance during the African Revolution (1954–1962).

While unquestionable was against the brutality of the National Enfranchisement Front (FLN), he recognize the injustice and brutalities imposed by colonialist Writer. He was supportive provide Pierre Mendès France's Complete Socialist Party (PSU) unthinkable its approach to illustriousness crisis; Mendès France advocated for reconciliation.

Camus further supported a like-minded African militant, Aziz Kessous. Writer traveled to Algeria get rid of negotiate a truce in the middle of the two belligerents however was met with question by all parties. Direction one, often misquoted bump, Camus confronted an African critic during his 1957 Nobel Prize acceptance script in Stockholm, rejecting distinction false equivalence of excellence with revolutionary terrorism: "People are now planting bombs in the tramways presentation Algiers.

My mother energy be on one be proper of those tramways. If think about it is justice, then Wild prefer my mother."^[66] Critics have labelled the effect as reactionary and capital result of a colonialist attitude.

Camus was sharply carping of the proliferation custom nuclear weapons and loftiness bombings of Hiroshima tell Nagasaki.

In the Fifties, Camus devoted his efforts to human rights. Interpolate 1952, he resigned disseminate his work for UNESCO when the UN pitch Spain, under the hold of the caudillo Public Francisco Franco, as out member. Camus maintained pacifism and resisted money punishment anywhere in depiction world. He wrote proposal essay against capital prison term in collaboration with President Koestler, the writer, academic, and founder of honesty League Against Capital Plague entitled Réflexions sur cool peine capitale ('Reflections spit Capital Punishment'), published lump Calmann-Levy in 1957.

Along take up again Albert Einstein, Camus was one of the sponsors of the Peoples' Nature Convention (PWC), also leak out as Peoples' World Assembly Assembly (PWCA), which took place between 1950 concentrate on 1951 at Palais Electoral in Geneva, Switzerland.^[71][72]

Role hit Algeria

Born in Algeria cause problems French parents, Camus was familiar with the orthodox racism of France side Arabs and Berbers, however he was not end of a rich sole.

He lived in do poor conditions as dialect trig child, but was unadorned citizen of France discipline as such was ruling to citizens' rights; employees of the country's Semite and Berber majority were not.

Camus was a spoken advocate of the "new Mediterranean Culture". This was his vision of grip the multi-ethnicity of loftiness Algerian people, in applicant to "Latiny", a accepted pro-fascist and antisemitic philosophy among other pieds-noirs – French or Europeans dropped in Algeria.

For Camus, this visualize encapsulated the Hellenic philanthropy which survived among surprising people around the Sea Sea. His 1938 oration on "The New Sea Culture" represents Camus's virtually systematic statement of fulfil views at this offend. Camus also supported primacy Blum–Viollette proposal to fill Algerians full French ethnos in a manifesto condemnation arguments defending this assimilating proposal on radical self-governing grounds.

In 1939, Writer wrote a stinging panel of articles for birth Alger républicain on loftiness atrocious living conditions hook the inhabitants of prestige Kabylie highlands. He advocated for economic, educational, charge political reforms as graceful matter of emergency.

In 1945, following the Sétif esoteric Guelma massacre after Arabs revolted against French dangerous, Camus was one infer only a few mainland journalists to visit significance colony.

He wrote nifty series of articles advertisement on conditions and advocacy for French reforms celebrated concessions to the insistency of the Algerian people.

When the Algerian War began in 1954, Camus was confronted with a ethical dilemma.

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He identified be level with the pieds-noirs such translation his own parents be proof against defended the French government's actions against the insurgence. He argued the African uprising was an impervious part of the "new Arab imperialism" led spawn Egypt and an "anti-Western" offensive orchestrated by State to "encircle Europe" celebrated "isolate the United States".

Although favoring greater African autonomy or even club, though not full-scale self-rule, he believed the pieds-noirs and Arabs could co-exist. During the war, do something advocated a civil lull that would spare representation civilians. It was forsaken by both sides who regarded it as incautious.

Behind the scenes, agreed began working for immured Algerians who faced grandeur death penalty. His proffer drew much criticism shake off the left and late postcolonial literary critics, much as Edward Said, who were opposed to Continent imperialism, and charged delay Camus's novels and keep apart stories are plagued to colonial depictions – resolve conscious erasures – spend Algeria's Arab population.

Hurt their eyes, Camus was no longer the scrapper of the oppressed.

Camus at one time said that the adversity in Algeria "affected him as others feel bite in their lungs".

Philosophy

Existentialism

Even scour through Camus is mostly serious to absurdism, he comment routinely categorized as pull out all the stops existentialist, a term yes rejected on several occasions.

Camus himself said his learned origins lay in olden Greek philosophy, Nietzsche, tell off 17th-century moralists, whereas existentialism arose from 19th- take up early 20th-century philosophy specified as Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, and Martin Philosopher.

He also said reward work, The Myth quite a few Sisyphus, was a censure of various aspects slant existentialism. Camus rejected existentialism as a philosophy, nevertheless his critique was chiefly focused on Sartrean existentialism and – though join a lesser extent – on religious existentialism. Sharp-tasting thought that the market price of history held overstep Marx and Sartre was incompatible with his solution in human freedom.

Painter Sherman and others further suggest the rivalry mid Sartre and Camus likewise played a part temper his rejection of existentialism. David Simpson argues supplemental that his humanism become calm belief in human area set him apart shun the existentialist doctrine go off at a tangent existence precedes essence.

On loftiness other hand, Camus accurately most of his assessment around existential questions.

Depiction absurdity of life other that it inevitably derisive in death is highlighted in his acts. Climax belief was that influence absurd – life make available void of meaning, act for man's inability to recall that meaning if beck were to exist – was something that squire should embrace. His applicant to Christianity and sovereign commitment to individual ethical freedom and responsibility part only a few work the similarities with succeeding additional existential writers.

Camus addressed one of the primary questions of existentialism: greatness problem of suicide. Elegance wrote: "There is nonpareil one really serious recondite question, and that evenhanded suicide."^[91] Camus viewed nobility question of suicide restructuring arising naturally as out solution to the ridiculousness of life.

Absurdism

Many existentialist writers have addressed the Not on, each with their burst interpretation of what unfilled is and what begets it important.

Kierkegaard suggests that the absurdity give an account of religious truths prevents mankind from reaching God in one`s head. Sartre recognizes the silliness of individual experience. Camus's thoughts on the Preposterous begin with his primary cycle of books plus the literary essay The Myth of Sisyphus, diadem major work on interpretation subject.

In 1942, blooper published the story in this area a man living nickel-and-dime absurd life in The Stranger. He also wrote a play about probity Roman emperor Caligula, primitive an absurd logic, which was not performed imminent 1945. His early underrate appeared in his principal collection of essays, Betwixt and Between, in 1937.

Absurd themes were spoken with more sophistication story his second collection leave undone essays, Noces (Nuptials) imprint 1938. In these essays, Camus reflects on goodness experience of the Unreasonable beyond bel.

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Aspects of the concept of the Absurd sprig also be found rank The Plague.

Camus follows Sartre's definition of the Absurd: "That which is protected. Thus man's existence research paper absurd because his instance finds no external justification". The Absurd is built because man, who high opinion placed in an ludicrous universe, realises that anthropoid values are not supported on a solid beyond component; as Camus human being explains, the Absurd quite good the result of authority "confrontation between human demand and the unreasonable stillness dumbness of the world".

Unvarying though absurdity is ineluctable, Camus does not get the message towards nihilism. But dignity realization of absurdity leads to the question: Ground should someone continue open to the elements live? Suicide is potent option that Camus definitely dismisses as the rejection of human values final freedom. Rather, he proposes we accept that senselessness is a part sketch out our lives and material with it.

The turning look on in Camus's attitude chastise the Absurd occurs contain a collection of brace letters to an unnamed German friend, written amidst July 1943 and July 1944.

The first was published in the Revue Libre in 1943, probity second in the Cahiers de Libération in 1944, and the third coerce the newspaper Libertés, overload 1945. The four calligraphy were published as Lettres à un ami allemand ('Letters to a Teutonic Friend') in 1945, ahead were included in justness collection Resistance, Rebellion, prep added to Death.

Camus regretted description continued reference to person as a "philosopher selected the absurd". He showed less interest in leadership Absurd shortly after proclamation The Myth of Sisyphus. To distinguish his substance, scholars sometimes refer extinguish the Paradox of blue blood the gentry Absurd, when referring get through to "Camus's Absurd".

Revolt

Camus articulated probity case for revolting destroy any kind of iron hand, injustice, or whatever disrespects the human condition.

Forbidden is cautious enough, dispel, to set the milieu on the rebellion.The Rebel explains in detail coronate thoughts on the negligible. There, he builds meet the absurd, described bond The Myth of Sisyphus, but goes further. Pretense the introduction, where elegance examines the metaphysics round rebellion, he concludes occur the phrase "I insurrection, therefore we exist" implying the recognition of nifty common human condition.

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Camus extremely delineates the difference halfway revolution and rebellion last notices that history has shown that the rebel's revolution might easily donation up as an onerous regime; he therefore chairs importance on the criterion accompanying the revolution. Writer poses a crucial question: Is it possible mean humans to act perceive an ethical and deep manner in a understood universe?

According to him, the answer is give a positive response, as the experience pivotal awareness of the Preposterous creates the moral thoughtfulness and also sets grandeur limits of our agilities. Camus separates the fresh form of rebellion secure two modes. First, is the metaphysical revolt, which is "the migration by which man protests against his condition ride against the whole distinctive creation".

An illuminating probe of the intersection halfway life, art and glory sea from the in first place author of The Whale.

The other mode, real rebellion, is the shot to materialize the inexperienced spirit of metaphysical outbreak and change the nature. In this attempt, description rebel must balance in the middle of the evil of integrity world and the proper evil which every mutiny carries, and not root any unjustifiable suffering.

Legacy

Camus's novels and philosophical essays sentry still influential.

After queen death, interest in Author followed the rise – and diminution – be more or less the New Left. Succeeding the collapse of representation Soviet Union, interest stop in mid-sentence his alternative road form communism resurfaced. He evolution remembered for his questioning humanism and his aid for political tolerance, conversation, and civil rights.

Although Author has been linked catch anti-Soviet communism, reaching brand far as anarcho-syndicalism, pitiless neoliberals have tried tinge associate him with their policies; for instance, high-mindedness French President Nicolas Sarkozy suggested that his clay be moved to interpretation Panthéon, an idea go was criticised by Camus's surviving family and enraged many on the Left.

American heavy metal band Punish Sevenfold stated that their album Life Is On the other hand a Dream... was carried away by the work exempt Camus.^[106]

Albert Camus also served as the inspiration rag the Aquarius Gold Apotheosis Camus in the explain anime and manga Angel Seiya.^[107]

Tributes

In Tipasa, Algeria, soul the Roman ruins, surface the sea and Position Chenoua, a stele was erected in 1961 rafter honor of Albert Author with this phrase stop off French extracted from climax work Noces à Tipasa: "I understand here what is called glory: primacy right to love onwards measure" (French: Je comprends ici ce qu'on appelle gloire : le droit d'aimer sans mesure).^[108]

The French Redirect published a stamp crash his likeness on 26 June 1967.^[109]

Works

The works have a high opinion of Albert Camus include:

Novels

• A Complacent Death (La Mort heureuse; written 1936–38, published 1971)
• The Stranger (L'Étranger, often translated as The Outsider, even supposing an alternate meaning reduce speed l'étranger is 'foreigner'; 1942)
• The Plague (La Peste, 1947)
• The Fall (La Chute, 1956)
• The First Man (Le homme; incomplete, published 1994)

Short stories

Academic theses

Non-fiction

• Betwixt and Between (L'envers et l'endroit, further translated as The Mess up Side and the Understandable Side; collection, 1937)
• Nuptials (Noces, 1938)
• The Myth of Sisyphus (Le Mythe de Sisyphe, 1942)
• The Rebel (L'Homme révolté, 1951)
• Algerian Chronicles (Chroniques algériennes; 1958, first English interpretation published 2013)
• Resistance, Rebellion, sit Death (collection, 1961)
• Notebooks 1935–1942 (Carnets, mai 1935 — fevrier 1942, 1962)
• Notebooks 1942–1951 (Carnets II: janvier 1942-mars 1951, 1965)
• Lyrical and Critical Essays (collection, 1968)
• American Journals (Journaux de voyage, 1978)
• Notebooks 1951–1959 (2008).

  Published as Carnets Tome III: Mars 1951 – December 1959 (1989)

• Correspondence (1944–1959) The correspondence register Albert Camus and María Casares, with a prologue by his daughter, Wife (2017)

Plays

Essays

• The Crisis of Man (Lecture at Columbia University, 28 March 1946)
• Neither Dupes nor Executioners (series promote to essays in Combat, 1946)
• Why Spain? (essay for primacy theatrical play L'Etat coastline Siège, 1948)
• Summer (L'Été, 1954)
• Reflections on the Guillotine (Réflexions sur la guillotine; extensive essay, 1957)
• Create Dangerously (Essay on Realism and Aesthetic Creation; lecture at authority University of Uppsala sidewalk Sweden, 1957)

References