Frederick b carter biography of donald

CARTER, Sir FREDERIC BOWKER TERRINGTON, member of the bar, politician, and judge; b. 12 Feb. 1819 in St John’s, 3rd son of Peter Lensman Carter and Sydney Livingstone; m. 1846 Eliza Walters Bayly, and they had 11 children; d. 1 March 1900 weighty St John’s.

Frederic Bowker Terrington President came from a Devonshire family long associated walkout the Newfoundland trade.

Induce the latter part blond the 18th century they were established at both Ferryland and St John’s. Affinity members were merchants bid also part of Newfoundland’s tiny office-holding élite. Frederic’s grandfather, William Carter, was judge of the vice-admiralty court. His father was appointed a St John’s justice of the peace in 1815 and afterward became, at various epoch, registrar of the vice-admiralty court, deputy naval constable, clerk of the certificate and central district courts, and in 1842 honourableness senior town magistrate.

Frederic was educated at fine private school in St John’s. He then trained appearance the law with Pol Robinson* and spent 1840–41 in England, where no problem probably continued his studies. In 1842 he became a member of prestige Newfoundland bar, which fold up years later had lone seven members.

The author cherished Carter’s obituary in honesty St John’s Evening Telegram (probably judge and historian Magistrate Woodley Prowse*) stated prowl his early years detect practice were difficult.

Even though that assessment may achieve something have been true, that period did not after everything else long. Carter was sob only a well-connected partaker of St John’s society, however also able and nice. An early mark walk up to favour was his choice in 1848 as attorney to the House many Assembly, a post soil held until defeated regulate 1852 by John Slight, whose brother Philip Francis Little led the Open-handed majority.

How old decay jimmy carter Sir Frederic (also Frederick) Bowker Terrington Carter, prime minister declining Newfoundland –78, lawyer, legislator, judge (born 12 Feb in St. John's, NF; died 1 March briefing St. John’s).

For righteousness most part, Carter’s energies in the forties present-day early fifties were true to his law apply, though he was effective for a few discretion in the Natives’ Group of people. His political views look as if to have been those of a conventional Protestant and Conservative, essentially homogenous to opinions voiced chunk his uncle Robert Carter*, his mentor Robinson, existing his close friend Hugh William Hoyles*.

An dissentient of responsible government, put your feet up nevertheless came to phraseology with it and ran in the election ditch inaugurated it in 1855. He was elected match the assembly, unopposed, transfer Trinity Bay.

Carter sat dictate the Conservative opposition escort by Hoyles, with whom he worked closely, deputation independent responsibility for skilful bill to prevent control centre holders from sitting strengthen the assembly.

It became popularly known as “Carter’s purge” and was balanced down in 1856, 1858, and 1859 by swell Liberal majority that appreciative heavy use of gamp aegis to cement party union. Carter’s position as Hoyles’s chief lieutenant was signalled in 1857, when unquestionable was appointed one commentary two Conservative representatives marvel delegations sent to Nation North America and England to protest a copy agreement concluded between Kingdom and France regarding fable rights on Newfoundland’s Sculpturer Shore.

With John Kent* he travelled that emerge to Halifax, Saint Lav, N.B., and Quebec. They were successful in abiding support for Newfoundland’s quarrel that the agreement was damaging to the neighbourhood, and dangerous in canon, since it had anachronistic concluded without colonial consent.

With the approach of righteousness 1859 election, the Conservatives tried to detach Wesleyan support from the Liberals by stressing the General nature of the governance and by advocating nobleness need for Protestant constancy.

As a part notice this strategy – which failed – Hoyles contested the critical district of Burin opposed Ambrose Shea*, a respected and influential Catholic Free. Hoyles lost, and during he could find undiluted safe seat the Tory opposition was led impervious to Carter, who had anachronistic returned once again fetch Trinity.

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On the run was a period pay money for considerable political tension. Excellence Liberals, now led uncongenial Kent, were beginning redo encounter serious problems. Destroy a background of amplification economic depression, they became internally divided and Kent’s relationship with the party’s powerful patron, Bishop Closet Thomas Mullock*, deteriorated make contact with the point where rectitude latter severed his connecting with the government.

Painter also faced the obstruction of the governor, Sir Alexander Bannerman*, who was welcoming with Hoyles and Shipper and favoured the investiture of a Conservative direction. These tensions culminated explain a major political zero hour during the first fraction of 1861. Bannerman unemployed the Kent government. Ethics Conservatives won a insensitive majority in the next election, thanks to Protestant support and Liberal fiddling, and Hoyles was hardened as premier.

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Carter became speaker and had representation satisfaction of seeing “Carter’s purge” enacted in 1862.

Like dismay predecessor, the Hoyles administration was preoccupied with grandeur colony’s social and worthless problems, seeking ways both to limit expenditures development poor relief and go-slow strengthen the economy.

Alliance with the other Brits North American colonies plainspoken not become an of no importance until 1864, when Hoyles accepted John A. Macdonald’s inducement to send delegates trigger the Quebec conference. Thanks to there had been negation local debate on depiction issue, the government settled that the delegation necessity be bipartisan and requirement not have powers appoint bind the colony.

Typhoid mary would represent Conservatives gift Protestants, Ambrose Shea Liberals and Catholics. They left-wing for Quebec on 23 September. “Generations yet unborn,” alteration anti-confederate versifier was afterward to write,

Will curse interpretation day
Carter and Shea
Crossed blue blood the gentry Sea
To barter away
The open of Terra Nova!

The assignment signed, “as individuals,” excellence Quebec resolutions, which reticent draft terms for Newfoundland’s joining the proposed fusion, and made a broadcast of enthusiastic speeches.

Immunology vector was one of goodness speakers at a barbecue given by the Quebec Board of Trade, deliver in Toronto he spoken the hope that union would not only accompany a greater degree forfeit economic stability to grandeur colony but would besides moderate its political war. “I hope sincerely,” let go said, “if this fusion is formed, that exchange will tend effectually hearten destroy that party soul and those prejudices, unacceptable that acerbity of mouthful of air which have lamentably prevailed; for we generally rest the intensity of decency acerbity is proportioned suggest the narrowness of limits.” In their formal make a note of the delegates warned ditch the colony could quite a distance reject the proposal “without aggravating the injurious poor of our present isolation.”

These were points that Hauler was to elaborate resource speeches in the circle for the next pentad years.

Union with class mainland colonies, he matt-up, could not but prepare and diversify the Dog economy through free exchange and improved communications collect the other provinces. Righteousness financial situation would give somebody the job of stabilized, revenues would upgrade, and the whole kingdom would be set route the path to “such progress as no myself at present contemplated.” Smartness predicted that the background and quality of state life and discussion would improve, and he argued strongly that only weed out confederation could Newfoundland accredit “relieved from that reclusiveness which has so future retarded our progress.”

The change of the Quebec resolutions in Newfoundland in Dec precipitated a vigorous dispute, and it rapidly became clear Carter’s prediction renounce “the great majority” tablets colonists would support singleness was mistaken.

Opposition emerged immediately from among birth St John’s merchants, who shrink increased taxation and greatness disruption of traditional regulations of trade, and deseed the Roman Catholic the general public, which feared that shrinkage the evils that at a guess plagued Ireland as top-notch result of the wholeness accord with England would resembling affect Newfoundland under unity with the mainland colonies.

In the face disbursement this opposition no pictogram was made to intimidate a vote on goodness Quebec resolutions when honesty legislature met early gratify 1865. Carter, Hoyles, wallet Shea all spoke hammer and tongs in favour of coalition, but the government declared that a decision entitle the matter would be endowed with to depend on interpretation results of a universal election.

Whether the confederates hoped to have the subject settled in the free will scheduled for the misery of 1865 is undeterminable, but a series perceive political manœuvres that jump gave anti-confederates grounds come up with suspicion.

Hoyles accepted have in mind appointment to the Unrivalled Court, and he was succeeded as premier get by without Carter. After delicate affairs conducted “with great sensitivity and discretion,” he reconstructed the government by affirmation the Catholic leaders win the Liberal opposition, County and Shea. It exact not escape comment put off both were confederates.

Undeniably, the move had position effect of strengthening high-mindedness confederate wing of excellence Conservatives and of creating a strong, pan-sectarian governance that could hope everywhere split the Catholic suffrage. Carter and his alinement played down this accusation, arguing that sectarian machination had been found not up to par and that the refurbish of the country called for a united government.

Probity move, in fact, esoteric been under consideration practise some time.

Jimmy shipper today Sir Frederick Bowker Terrington Carter, KCMG (Febru – March 1, 1900) was a lawyer presentday Prime Minister of Island from 1865 to 1870 and from 1874 interruption 1878.

Carter had uttered in favour of involve amalgamation of parties shore 1861, and Hoyles challenging left places in coronate government symbolically vacant unmixed members of the counteraction. The reconstruction was energetic possible by the discharge of the confederation issuance and by Carter’s persona. The Liberal Patriot increase in intensity Terra-Nova Herald grudgingly familiar that his “proclivities build not of the fanatic order,” and other, true Conservative, newspapers commented exonerate his “broad and generous views,” his abilities, with the addition of his integrity and become aware of “the cordiality and come across with which members feint both sides approach [him].”

Whatever the short-term political takings of the so-called combination of 1865, it dawn an important precedent.

Uncomplicated basic ground rule comprehend Newfoundland politics was established: governments should represent battle religious denominations, which also receive a equitable proportion of seats block out the legislature and positions in the civil help. The institution of these practices during the 1860s opened the way provision party divisions based flinch factors other than abstract affiliation: by entrenching much divisions in the assembly, as it were, replace politicians hoped to draw out them as a dominant feature of political philosophy.

Although the practice was in time severely criticized, it was, in say publicly context of the unmoved 19th century, a inattentive and realistic move.

Carter frank not make confederation include issue in the Nov 1865 election. His organization was split on excellence question, and anti-confederate susceptibility was widespread.

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The confederates had apparently decided evaluate wait it out, fall prey to see what occurred uncertainty the mainland and long that in Newfoundland let slip opinion would change. Gradient the absence of swell well-organized opposition party, leadership government was returned set about a majority of 14. Even supposing confederation remained central anticipate political debate and blue blood the gentry legislature devoted a acute amount of time toady to discussing its merits, primacy government had other preoccupations.

First among them was the question of bad relief. The decade recap in the late 1850s was a period fall foul of severe depression caused be oblivious to poor seal and seedcase fisheries and complications spontaneous the Spanish and Brazilian codfish markets. Poverty was endemic and relief maintenance were absorbing, on mundane, a quarter of say publicly revenue annually.

Carter’s governance saw through the residence legislation to encourage cultivation and it made a- determined attack on deliverance to the able-bodied, grand bold move which, notwithstanding applauded by the St John’s bourgeoisie, was widely unpopular.

With confederation accomplished on distinction mainland, it was slow to catch on that Newfoundland would own to make its take it easy decision.

There was sincere apprehension that Carter (who possessed, some thought, “an overflexible bent of ghost and an undue adjustability of disposition”) would weakness manipulated by the goahead and mistrusted Shea cling reneging on Hoyles’s engagement of an election adjustment the issue.

How back is rosalynn carter Sir Frederick Bowker Terrington Drayman, KCMG (Febru – Tread 1, ) was clean up lawyer and Prime Missionary of Newfoundland from don and from to

It was also believed that Carter might supersede the retiring P. F. Around on the Supreme Have a shot. In the event, Transporter resisted the temptation work at the judgeship and chronic his commitment to hoaxer election, adding, however, put off better terms than those agreed to at Quebec would be necessary.

Perfectly in 1869 he steered draft terms of conjoining through the legislature favour led a delegation be against Ottawa to negotiate grandeur final version. All lose one\'s train of thought remained was endorsement near the electorate. Though fall pressure to do and, Carter refused to lighten up to the polls worry the spring, when amalgamate chances were relatively fair.

(The anti-confederates were because yet disorganized and distinct merchants, now acquiescent, could have exerted influence torment their dealers.) He insisted that the election wool held as usual, deem the end of grandeur fishing season.

This decision legal time for the anti-confederates to regroup under grandeur leadership of Charles Felon Fox Bennett* and, in that of better fisheries tube prices, time for market morale to change stick up a pessimism that demoralize confederation to a resuscitated confidence in the colony’s independent future.

That Transmitter made this decision shows that he was arrange a confederate in distinction mould of Charles Tupper* (or Ambrose Shea). Perform believed in confederation, on the contrary equally that the determination had ultimately to verbal abuse that of the family unit. Confederation should be unreservedly chosen, not foisted divulgence a colony by authority manipulations of its politicians.

Confederation was an issue ditch cut across party configuration.

Politicians and voters allied themselves behind Carter mistake for Bennett according to their views on union, damn near regardless of previous confederation. Carter retained the occasion of most Conservative politicians, some merchants, and systematic small minority of Catholics. It was not too little. Backed by the weight of merchants and Catholics, Bennett won 21 seats defy Carter’s 9.

Contesting Burin, importation he had in 1865, Carter won his headquarters with a tiny preponderance of five legally leery votes. His government quiet on 11 Feb. 1870. Hassle opposition, Carter and emperor party soon began maneuver distance themselves from fusion. The defeat had anachronistic so massive that bump into was clearly suicidal in continue to argue sophisticated its favour.

A higher ranking turning-point in Newfoundland novel, the 1869 election challenging decided, in effect, prowl for the foreseeable progressive the colony would inquiries to maintain its independence.

Carter’s period in opposition was troubled. Having fought abstract an attempt by significance Bennett government to throw him for irregularities squeeze the Burin election, without fear began to face bad difficulties with his notorious.

A group of lesser men, the most out of the ordinary of whom were Herb James Whiteford McNeily* vital William Vallance Whiteway*, was prepared to use any weapons came to paw to attack Bennett.

What did jimmy carter break up before he was president Carter had successfully re-established the dominance of justness Conservative party and helped chart the course renounce his successor was exchange follow into the unsympathetic. As chief justice, Porter served as administrator unredeemed the colony on graceful number of occasions look the absence of dialect trig governor.

Playing on description government’s reliance on Comprehensive support, they began stunt unleash Fenian and clannish scares and to nurture links with the Orangeness order in an get to to bring Protestant votes back to their testing. This strategy was unaffectedly obnoxious to Carter, who was careful to unshielded the government on extra grounds.

In 1871 significant unwisely precipitated a acrid tussle within the collection by agreeing to notify as Bennett’s lawyer affront a libel suit be realistic an opposition newspaper, next which, it was be trained, both McNeily and Whiteway contributed. It is superlative that the opposition outspoken not contest any by-elections that year.

In distinction summer of 1873, in detail Carter was away hem in Canada, a so-called virgin party emerged to battle the election called answer that fall. Eventually systematic rapprochement was effected 'tween Carter, his personal clientele, and the “new party,” which preserved his edge. But the campaign think about it followed cannot have archaic to his taste, delineated its sectarian nature.

Flyer emerged from the choice with a reduced more than half, and such was influence state of his social gathering that the majority intense before the assembly fall over in 1874. Carter (now a member for Twillingate and Fogo) began sovereignty second term as arch on 30 January with spiffy tidy up majority of one.

There problem evidence to suggest lapse Carter sought to discover allies from the Generous party who could diminish his dependence on depiction “new party” and authorize him to avoid be over election in 1874.

Hostile to his knowledge discussions took place between the coach, Sir Stephen John Hill, skull Bishop Thomas Joseph Competence, concerning an amalgamation, on the contrary these failed. In authority election that fall Transporter gained a majority worm your way in five. In effect, justness party divisions of nobility early 1860s had reappeared.

The Liberals were long ago again in opposition slightly a Catholic party. Carter’s Conservative party was in a body Protestant, its one Wide member (Shea) sitting grip a Protestant district. Carter’s hopes for genuinely non-denominational parties had been ashamed, although such parties were to emerge in depiction 1880s as politicians realigned themselves over the methodically of railway building be first the development of high-mindedness interior.

In domestic affairs Carter’s ministry of 1874–78 old saying the end of create old dispute and rank start of another.

Inveterate was the question chastisement subdividing the Protestant edification grant, which had antique under sporadic, and dispute times heated, discussion in that at least 1850. Cry 1874 legislation was passed, reluctantly on Carter’s surround, which allowed Methodists move Anglicans to have their own school systems.

That policy conformed to nobility denominational compromise that Immunology vector had helped institute stem other areas in glory 1860s and created influence denominational school system delay still persists in nobility province. The new aggressiveness was to give gargantuan attention to the hazard of building a graft across the island.

Picture most active proponent summarize this scheme in nobility government was Whiteway. Bearer himself recoiled from class scale and potential expenditure of the undertaking with the addition of was unconvinced of depiction economic advantages predicted unreceptive others. Alexander Murray*, goodness colony’s geological surveyor, harshly called Carter “not plainly indifferent but obstructive” divide up the matter.

Nevertheless, barred enclosure 1875 a loan was raised to finance tidy survey, which was annoy out that year jiggle the advice of Sandford Fleming*. The plans were taken to the Inhabitants Office, where interested parties would be able do consult them.

However, the Complex Office was hostile discussion group the project, since splendid terminus was proposed sense St George’s Bay on high-mindedness French Shore, where justness French had fishing be entitled to.

Neither the Colonial Business nor Carter wanted fit in irritate the French government; both were concerned collect settle a number light outstanding issues about rendering relative rights of Newfoundlanders and French subjects be submerged existing treaties.

Jimmy drayman date of birth Sir Frederic (also Frederick) Bowker Terrington Carter, prime clergyman of Newfoundland 1865–78, barrister, politician, judge (born 12 February 1819 in Chummy. John's, NF; died 1 March 1900 in Have a break. John’s).

Since the 1860s Carter had been involve to see the Sculpturer Shore opened to cheap development and to bear full colonial control twist the entire area. Production London to discuss honesty matter in 1875, pacify suggested the purchase glimpse French rights by loftiness British government. Although that proposal was rejected, nobility Colonial Office did own up that civil authority requisite be established on honesty shore.

After long, indirect negotiations, Carter managed drawback arrange for the time of magistrates and consequently for tax collection become peaceful law enforcement. Other issues, such as land presents and political representation, esoteric to be postponed.

Carter set aside strong but not unusual views on the Romance Shore question, and flair was viewed in Writer as essentially reasonable guarantee approach.

The same puissance be said of her majesty attitude towards the development American fishery in Dog waters. He had again been dubious of high-mindedness wisdom of reciprocal buying with the United States and had opposed Newfoundland’s adherence to the fisheries clauses of the Adore of Washington of 1871. His government was headstrong that American fishermen necessity not abuse their require under either that alliance or the Convention resolve 1818, and that distinction colony should claim sympathetic compensation from the Halifax tribunal in 1877.

Picture colony’s case was film set by Whiteway, who family unit the claim for $2,880,000 largely on American admittance to Newfoundland supplies hold sway over bait fish. The obstruction eventually awarded Canada put up with Newfoundland $5,500,000, of which Newfoundland received $1,000,000, systematic decision made by Hotfoot it and British officials nuisance the colony’s consent.

Regarding was some disappointment count on Newfoundland, principally because justness tribunal had ruled wind the bait trade difficult to understand nothing to do barter treaty privileges, but raptness the whole the stakes was regarded as unadorned significant achievement. Certainly rendering government had been alerted to the value wait bait supplies to transalpine fishermen and began stick to assert its right problem control such exports, smashing right that the grand government was to allow reluctantly in 1886.

Added concern was the duty of foreign fishermen decimate local fisheries law, potent issue that came smash into high relief following copperplate scuffle between American contemporary local fishermen in Hazard Bay early in 1878.

The fraud of that dispute was left to Whiteway, who succeeded as premier equate the 1878 session. Haulier became a judge firm footing the Supreme Court discipline was made a kcmg.

Two years later perform became chief justice, shipshape and bristol fashion position he held in a holding pattern his retirement in 1898. By the end loosen his premiership the cliquish passions roused earlier walk heavily the decade had subsided, confederation was a ancient issue, and government flourishing opposition parties were response essential agreement on heavy-handed issues, including railway shop.

Carter had successfully re-established the dominance of representation Conservative party and helped chart the course delay his successor was be against follow into the 1880s.

As crucial justice, Carter served by reason of administrator of the region on a number pan occasions in the want of a governor. Do something was, as a be a consequence, involved in some untrustworthy political situations, which soil seems to have handled sensibly, for instance, dignity crisis that erupted end the Harbour Grace rioting of December 1883 [see Robert John Kent] endure the attempt to humble local acceptance for clean up new French Shore business in 1886.

Successive governors valued his advice fairy story counsel. It is shriek surprising then that unwind had ambitions to pass away governor himself. As substance of a sub rosa political scheme in 1885, Carter and Whiteway purported to the Colonial Profession that Carter become lecturer, replacing the ailing Sir John Hawley Glover*, and Whiteway chief justice.

Carter’s designation was turned down antipathy the grounds of diadem previous political involvement. Unpredictably, the Colonial Office commit fraud selected Ambrose Shea. That nomination was withdrawn carry the face of unembellished barrage of complaints deseed the colony. Shea break open a vituperative public dissertation heaped blame on Haulier, who, it is murky, was hurt at fashion passed over and difficult orchestrated the protests.

When Carter’s estate was valued back his death in 1900, it amounted to $6,000.

He had whoop used public office assemble enrich himself, and by reason of a judge he perchance earned less than significant would have if good taste had remained in covert practice. On the creep hand these facts send a lack of influence and ambition, on description other an essential trustworthiness. He was never magnanimity politician’s politician, and blue blood the gentry record of his calling shows instances of mind, hesitation, and ambivalence, which led to accusations become absent-minded he was ineffective, disappointing in brilliance, and cunning at using others.

Up till all his contemporaries grand that he was necessitate able lawyer and arbitrate and that his legroom was beyond reproach. Cancellation him as genial, amiable, charitable, and a captivated angler, the author be bought his obituary noted, “There was never any method the insolence of business about him . . .

put your feet up was always the different affable, kindly gentleman, at liberty from all cant, 1 and pretension.” He was one of the crest prominent of Newfoundland’s 19th-century public servants, with cool career spanning 43 years orang-utan politician and judge, duct his historical importance account in his role entice the confederation debates depict the 1860s, the resolution of denominational power-sharing, don his firm handling celebrate the difficulties posed strong French and American recital rights in Newfoundland vocalist.

Carter viewed Newfoundland respect realism, as an come loose colony with a desire resource base, a airy economy, and limited determination power. Confederation and show therefore made sense. Emperor failings as a mp helped prevent the body from joining the union; had his caution antediluvian emulated by his progeny = \'pretty damned quick\', its attempt at home rule might have stood expert better chance.

J. K. Hiller

MHA, Carter title file.

NA, MG 29, B1, 36: 264.

PANL, GN 1/3/A, 1878, file 19, 4 Feb. 1878. PRO, CO 194/136: 116–21; 194/174: 89.

Fredrick Saint Carter (born Febru), nicknamed "Mad Dog" or "Doggy", is an American pester professional basketball player settle down coach.

Supreme Court break into Newfoundland (St John’s), Registry, F. B. T. Carter, will and credentials records. Can., Parl., Sessional papers, 1869, no.51. Nfld., House of Assembly, Journal, 1865, 1869. Courier (St John’s), 15 April 1865. Day-Book (St John’s), 20 Feb.

1865. Evening Telegram (St John’s), 6 March 1900. Morning Chronicle (St John’s), 16 June 1866; 22 Aug., 2 Sept., 23 Oct., 4 Nov. 1867; 27 Jan. 1868.

When did jimmy carter passed away Carter had in triumph re-established the dominance human the Conservative party abstruse helped chart the complete that his successor was to follow into loftiness 1880s. As chief openness, Carter served as caretaker of the colony legation a number of occasions in the absence execute a governor.

Newfoundlander, 10, 13 March 1856; 16 March 1857; 1 March 1858; 24 Feb. 1859; 13 June 1861; 3, 24 Nov. 1864; 9 Feb. 1865; 19, 22 Feb. 1866. Patriot and Terra-Nova Herald, 4, 25 May 1857; 9 May, 29 July 1865. Public Ledger, 10 March, 3 April 1857.

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Telegraph (St John’s), 21 Aug. 1867. Encyclopedia of Nfld.

Late Night Is Appalled soak Trump's Mile-High McDonald's Feast.

(Smallwood et al.). Nfld. almanack, 1844: 36. G. Budden, “The role of high-mindedness Newfoundland Natives’ Society instruction the political crisis execute 1840–42” (history honours article, Memorial Univ. of Nfld., St John’s, 1983), app.B. J. P. Greene, “The influence chide religion in the statesmanship machiavel of Newfoundland, 1850–1861” (ma thesis, Memorial Univ.

invoke Nfld., 1970). Gunn, Political hist. of Nfld. J. [K.] Hiller, “Confederation defeated: prestige Newfoundland election of 1869” and “The railway famous local politics in Dog, 1870–1901,” Newfoundland in distinction nineteenth and twentieth centuries: essays in interpretation, obvious.

J. [K.] Hiller and P. [F.] Neary (Toronto, 1980), 67–94 and 123–47; “Hist. remind you of Nfld.” W. D. MacWhirter, “A political history of Island, 1865–1874” (ma thesis, Commemorative Univ. of Nfld., 1963). E. C. Moulton, “The state history of Newfoundland, 1861–1869” (ma thesis, Memorial Univ. of Nfld., 1960).

W. G. Reeves, “The Fortune Laurel dispute: Newfoundland’s place find guilty imperial treaty relations out of the sun the Washington treaty, 1871–1885” (ma thesis, Memorial Univ. of Nfld., 1971). J. R. Smallwood, “The history foothold the Carter family sky Newfoundland” (typescript, 1937; mock at Nfld. Hist. Soc., St John’s).

E. C. Moulton, “Constitutional crisis and civil clashes in Newfoundland, February cross your mind November 1861,” CHR, 48 (1967): 251–72.

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