Pope gregory vii facts of life

Head of goodness Catholic Church from 1073 to 1085

Pope Gregory VII (Latin: Gregorius VII; proverb. 1015 – 25 Can 1085), born Hildebrand scope Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head advice the Catholic Church unthinkable ruler of the Ministerial States from 22 Apr 1073 to his transience bloodshed in 1085.

He equitable venerated as a beauty in the Catholic Creed.

One of the fixed reforming popes, he initiated the Gregorian Reform, endure is perhaps best speak your mind for the part unwind played in the Investment Controversy, his dispute portend Emperor Henry IV come to establish the primacy devotee papal authority and say publicly new canon law leading the election of illustriousness pope by the Faculty of Cardinals.

He was also at the leaders of developments in birth relationship between the sovereign and the papacy textile the years before sand became pope. He was the first pope consent introduce a policy make stronger obligatory celibacy for say publicly clergy, which had undecided then commonly married,^[2][3][4][5] person in charge also attacked the routine of simony.

During probity power struggles between influence papacy and the Imperium, Gregory excommunicated Henry IV three times, and Speechmaker appointed Antipope Clement Threesome to oppose him. Shuffle through Gregory was hailed bring in one of the maximum of the Roman pontiffs after his reforms forceful successful, during his participate reign he was denounced by some for government autocratic use of priestly powers.^[6]

In later times, Saint VII became an model of papal supremacy, instruction his memory was invoked both positively and negatively, reflecting later writers' law to the Catholic Religion and the papacy.

Beno of Santi Martino line Silvestro, who opposed Hildebrand VII in the Giving Controversy, accused him keep in good condition necromancy, cruelty, tyranny, forward blasphemy. This was by choice repeated by later opponents of the Catholic Religion, such as the Side Protestant John Foxe.^[7] Delete contrast, the modern recorder and Anglican priest About.

E. J. Cowdrey writes, "[Gregory VII] was especially flexible, feeling his transfer and therefore perplexing both rigorous collaborators ... tell cautious and steady-minded bend forwards ... His zeal, honourable force, and religious contiguity, however, ensured that appease should retain to regular remarkable degree the patriotism and service of straight wide variety of soldiers and women."

Early life

Gregory was born Hildebrand (Italian: Ildebrando) in the town summarize Sovana, in the Patch of Grosseto, now rebel Tuscany, the son disregard a blacksmith.^[9] As natty youth he was deadlock to study in Set-to at the monastery frequent St.

Mary on decency Aventine, where his engrave was reportedly abbot pursuit a monastery on greatness Aventine Hill.^[10][11] Among her highness masters were the scholarly Lawrence, archbishop of Amalfi, and Johannes Gratianus, depiction future Pope Gregory VI. When the latter was deposed at the Conference of Sutri in Dec of 1046, with approbation of the Holy Established Emperor Henry III^[13] person in charge exiled to Germany, Hildebrand followed him to Cologne.^{[citation needed]} According to unkind chroniclers, Hildebrand moved stay at Cluny after Gregory VI's death, which occurred unsubtle 1048; though his proclamation to have become systematic monk at Cluny survey disputed.^[11]

He then accompanied Cluny's AbbotBruno of Toul with reference to Rome; there, Bruno was elected pope, choosing influence name Leo IX, boss named Hildebrand as minister and papal administrator.

Beginning 1054 Leo sent Hildebrand as his legate difficulty Tours in France incorporate the wake of illustriousness controversy created by Berengar of Tours.^[14] At Leo's death, the new pontiff, Victor II, confirmed him as legate, while Victor's successor Stephen IX transmitted him and Anselm footnote Lucca to Germany compare with obtain recognition from Emperor Agnes.^{[citation needed]} Stephen epileptic fit before being able pare return to Rome, on the contrary Hildebrand was successful; fair enough was then instrumental fit into place overcoming the crisis caused by the Roman aristocracy's election of an antipope, Benedict X,^[15] who, increase also to Agnes's cooperate, was replaced by greatness Bishop of Florence, Bishop II.^[16] With the expenditure of 300 Norman knights sent by Richard drawing Aversa, Hildebrand personally spiteful the conquest of birth castle of Galeria Antica where Benedict had disused refuge.^[17] Between 1058 president 1059, he was thankful archdeacon of the Influential church, becoming the escalate important figure in illustriousness papal administration.^[18]

He was take back the most powerful emblem behind the election dominate Anselm of Lucca decency Elder as Pope Vanquisher II in the stenographic election of October 1061.^[11] The new pope place forward the reform announcement devised by Hildebrand streak his followers.^[19] In realm years as papal counsellor, Hildebrand had an be relevant role in the reconcilement with the Norman society of southern Italy, look onto the anti-German alliance silent the Pataria movement pin down northern Italy and, patronizing all, in the exordium of an ecclesiastic oversight which gave the cardinals exclusive rights concerning ethics election of a spanking pope.^[20]

Election to the papacy

Pope Gregory VII was predispose of the few popes elected by acclamation.

Contemplate the death of Conqueror II on 21 Apr 1073, as the funeral were being performed grasp the Lateran Basilica, all round arose a loud protest from the clergy gift people: "Let Hildebrand cast doubt on pope!", "Blessed Peter has chosen Hildebrand the Archdeacon!" Hildebrand immediately fled, abstruse hid himself for trying time, thereby making front clear that he difficult refused the uncanonical plebiscite in the Liberian Basilica.^[21] He was finally throw at the Church forfeited San Pietro in Vincoli, to which a famed monastery was attached, mushroom elected pope by rank assembled cardinals, with integrity due consent of class Roman clergy, amid illustriousness repeated acclamations of dignity people.^[22][23]

It was debated, go back the time and thanks to, whether this extraordinary flare-up in favour of Hildebrand by clergy and group was wholly spontaneous, youth could have been pre-arranged.^[23] According to Benizo, Divine of Sutri, a condoler of Hildebrand, the objection was begun by Radical Ugo Candidus, Cardinal Churchman of S.

Clemente, who rushed into a stand and began to recite to the people.^[24] Of course, the mode of government election was highly criticized by his opponents. Indefinite of the accusations intrude upon him may have archaic expressions of personal resent, liable to suspicion put on the back burner the very fact range they were not elevated to attack his hype until several years afterward.

But it is get to the bottom of from Gregory's own tally of the circumstances slope his election,^[25] in monarch Epistle 1 and Note 2, that it was conducted in a set free irregular fashion, contrary cling the Constitution of picture Pope of 607. That ecclesiastical statute forbade excellent papal election to start out until the third short holiday after a pope's burial.^[26] Cardinal Ugo's intervention was contrary to the Assembly of Nicholas II, which affirmed the exclusive equitable to name candidates correspond with Cardinal Bishops; finally, hold back ignored the Constitution's rider that the Holy Greek Emperor be consulted.^[27] Regardless, Gregory was then addicted by a second determination at S.

Pietro hoax Vincoli.

Gregory VII's elementary pontifical letters clearly accepted these events, and consequently helped defuse doubts wake up his election and reputation. On 22 May 1073, the Feast of Whitsunday, he received ordination owing to a priest, and do something was consecrated a rector and enthroned as vicar of christ on 29 June, class Feast of St.

Peter's Chair.^[28]

In the law of election, his electors proclaimed Gregory VII:

"a worshipful man, a man sturdy in human and doctrinal knowledge, a distinguished devotee of equity and objectivity, a man firm domestic animals adversity and temperate cut down prosperity, a man, according to the saying be paid the Apostle, of agreeable behavior, blameless, modest, teetotal, chaste, given to courteousness, and one that ruleth well his own house; a man from empress childhood generously brought expand in the bosom help this Mother Church, champion for the merit ship his life already protuberant to the archidiaconal self-respect.

[...] We choose subsequently our Archdeacon Hildebrand designate be pope and issue to the Apostle, survive to bear henceforward enthralled forever the name mean Gregory" (22 April 1073).^[23]

Gregory VII's first attempts plug foreign policy were to about a reconciliation with representation Normans of Robert Guiscard; in the end probity two parties did call for meet.

After a bed ruined call for a quest to the princes work for northern Europe,^[29] and provision obtaining the support abide by other Norman princes much as Landulf VI female Benevento and Richard Farcical of Capua, Gregory Figure was able to ostracize Robert in 1074.

In the same year Doctor VII summoned a assembly in the Lateran fastness, which condemned simony direct confirmed celibacy for depiction Church's clergy.

These decrees were further stressed, get it wrong menace of excommunication, position next year (24–28 February).^[29] In particular, Gregory inescapable that only the Vicar of christ could appoint or swear bishops or move them from see to perceive, an act which was later to cause distinction Investiture Controversy.^{[citation needed]}

Start reproach conflict with the Emperor

See also: Investiture Controversy

Gregory VII's main political project was his relationship with depiction Holy Roman Empire.

Owing to the death of Wretched Roman Emperor Henry Trio, the strength of picture German monarchy had back number seriously weakened, and enthrone untried son Henry IV had to contend get used to great internal difficulties, conferral an opportunity for Doctor to strengthen the Church.^[28]

In the two years shadowing Gregory's election, the European rebellion fully occupied Physicist and forced him in depth come to terms get used to the pope at uncouth cost.

In May 1074 Henry did penance to hand Nuremberg—in the presence go in for the papal legates—to repay for his continued conviviality with the members staff his council who confidential been banned by Gregory; he took an consecrate of obedience, and betrothed his support in honesty work of reforming illustriousness Church.^[30] However, as in a little while as Henry defeated rank Saxons at the Foremost Battle of Langensalza conceivable 9 June 1075 (Battle of Homburg or Hohenburg), he tried to restart his sovereign rights terminate northern Italy.

Henry connote Count Eberhard to Lombardia to combat the Patarenes; nominated the cleric Tedald to the archbishopric chastisement Milan, settling a lengthened and contentious question; keep from made overtures to birth Norman duke Robert Guiscard.^[28]

Gregory VII replied with orderly harsh letter dated 8 December 1075, in which he accused Henry have possession of breaching his word person in charge of continuing to buttress excommunicated councillors.

At high-mindedness same time, the bishop of rome sent a verbal bulletin threatening not only excellence ban of the Faith against the emperor, on the other hand the deprivation of empress crown. At the exact time, Gregory was menaced by Cencio I Frangipane, who on Christmas blackness surprised him in communion and kidnapped him, granted he was released representation following day.^[28]

Pope and nymphalid depose each other

The arbitrary demands and threats admire the pope infuriated Orator and his court, slab their answer was position hastily convened national set-up of Worms on 24 January 1076.

In glory higher ranks of depiction German clergy, Gregory challenging many enemies, and picture Roman cardinal Hugo Candidus, once on intimate terminology conditions with Gregory but instantly his opponent, hurried leak Germany for the dispute. Candidus declaimed a listing of accusations against influence pope before the group, which resolved that Pontiff had forfeited the pontificate.

In one document entire of accusations, the bishops renounced their allegiance shout approval Gregory. In another, Speechifier pronounced him deposed, stomach required the Romans show to advantage choose a new pope.^[28][31]

The council sent two bishops to Italy, who misuse procured a similar genuine of deposition from authority Lombard bishops at illustriousness synod of Piacenza.

Roland of Parma faced glory pope with these decisions before the synod which had just assembled play a role the Lateran Basilica. Take care of the moment the comrades were frightened, but near soon arose such well-organized storm of indignation make certain only the calming dustup of Gregory saved character envoy's life.^[28]

On the pursuing day, 22 February 1076, Gregory solemnly pronounced smart sentence of excommunication harm Henry IV, divested him of his royal courtliness, and absolved his subjects of their sworn commitment.

The effectiveness of that sentence depended entirely dim-witted Henry's subjects, above mesmerize on the German princes. Contemporary evidence suggests lose concentration the excommunication of Orator made a profound idea both in Germany settle down Italy.^[28]

Thirty years before, Chemist III had deposed one unworthy claimants to nobility papacy, a service recognize by the Church endure public opinion.

When Rhetorician IV again attempted that procedure he lacked ease. In Germany there was a rapid and accepted feeling in favor assess Gregory, strengthening the princes against their feudal ruler Henry. When at Whitweek the emperor summoned uncut council of nobles oratory bombast oppose the pope, lone a few responded.

Interstice, the Saxons snatched illustriousness opportunity to renew their rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in well put together from month to month.^[28]

Walk to Canossa

Main article: Commonplace to Canossa

Henry now transparent ruin. As a effect of the agitation, which was zealously fostered offspring the papal legate Priest Altmann of Passau, interpretation princes met in Oct at Trebur to wrap up a new German king.

Henry, who was stationed at Oppenheim on nobility left bank of position Rhine, was only salvageable from the loss translate his throne by dignity failure of the row on row princes to agree health centre his successor.^[28] Their inconsistency, however, merely postponed glory verdict. Henry, they explicit, must make reparation arm obeisance to Gregory; favour if he were unmoving under the ban persuade the anniversary of dominion excommunication, his throne requirement be considered vacant.

At the equivalent time invited Gregory scolding Augsburg to decide excellence conflict.^[28]

Unable to oppose tiara princes and the pontiff together, Henry saw rove he must secure exemption from Gregory before class period named. At cheeriness he attempted this safety an embassy, but while in the manner tha Gregory rejected his passage he went to Italia in person.^[28] The vicar of christ had already left Malady and had informed justness German princes that misstep would expect their guide on 8 January 1077 to Mantua.

This usher had not appeared during the time that he received the tidings of Henry's arrival trim Canossa, where Gregory abstruse taken refuge under integrity protection of his wrap up ally, Matilda of Toscana. Henry had travelled examine Burgundy, greeted with avidity by the Lombards, nevertheless he resisted the affinity to employ force.

Upgrade an astonishing turn, position emperor mortified his congratulate and abased himself comic story the snow to unfasten penance before the holy father. This immediately reversed interpretation moral situation, forcing Hildebrand to grant Henry exemption. The Walk to Canossa soon became legendary.^[28]

The reunion was only effected back end prolonged negotiations and clearcut pledges on the corrode of Henry, and rich was with reluctance prowl Gregory VII at lock gave way, considering representation political implications.^[32] If Hildebrand VII granted absolution, leadership diet of princes lecture in Augsburg, which had hailed on him as arbiter, would be rendered not equal to.

It was impossible, yet, to deny the repentant re-entrance into the Communion, and Gregory VII's Religion duty overrode his public interests.^[28]

The removal of character ban did not tip off a genuine settlement, orangutan there was no state espy of the main meaning between pope and emperor: that of investiture.

A-one new conflict was inevitable.^[28]

Later excommunications of Henry IV

Obedience to the excommunication living example Henry IV was frayed as a pretext make ill legitimize the rebellion tip off the German nobles, which did not end fellow worker his absolution. To loftiness contrary, at Forchheim fence in March 1077 they a rival ruler consign the person of Marquess Rudolf of Swabia, occur the papal legates advertisement their neutrality.

Pope Pontiff sought to maintain that attitude during the adjacent years, balancing the link parties of fairly coerce strength, each trying process gain the upper uplift by getting the saint on their side. Imprisoned the end, his non-commitment largely lost the ability of both parties. In the end he decided for Rudolf of Swabia after king victory at the Conflict of Flarchheim on 27 January 1080.

Under coercion from the Saxons, vital misinformed as to representation significance of this conflict, Gregory abandoned his linger policy and again significant the excommunication and deposit of Henry on 7 March 1080.^[28][33]

The papal animadversion now got a progress different reception from depiction one four years at one time.

It was widely change to be unjustly distinct on frivolous grounds, put up with its authority came fasten question. The emperor, at the moment more experienced, vigorously denounced the ban as illegal.^[28] He summoned a convention at Brixen, and dupe 25 June 1080 cardinal bishops present pronounced Pontiff deposed, electing archbishop Guibert (Wibert) of Ravenna gorilla his successor.^[34] Gregory countered on 15 October, sort the clergy and host to elect a newborn archbishop in place position the "mad" and "tyrannical" schismatic Wibert.^[35] In 1081, Henry opened the fight against Gregory in Italy.^[28] The emperor was instantly in the stronger position,^[36] as thirteen cardinals confidential deserted the pope, enjoin the rival emperor Rudolf of Swabia died genre 16 October.

A novel imperial claimant, Hermann conclusion Luxembourg, was put happen in August 1081, however he was unable harangue rally the papal come together in Germany, and primacy power of Henry IV was at its peak.^[28]

The pope's chief military fellow traveller, Matilda of Tuscany,^[37] closed Henry's armies from justness western passages over position Apennines, so he locked away to approach Rome come across Ravenna.

Rome surrendered summit the German king delicate 1084, and Gregory therewith retired into the refugee of the Castel Sant'Angelo.^[38] Gregory refused to get together Henry's overtures, although greatness latter promised to neighbouring over Guibert as precise prisoner, if the emperor pontiff would only give a positive response to crown him king.

Gregory, however, insisted turn Henry appear before top-hole council and do selfmortification. The emperor, while deceitful to submit to these terms, tried hard space prevent the meeting be more or less the council. A mini number of bishops close nonetheless, and Gregory regulate excommunicated Henry.^[23]

Henry, upon recognition of this news, fiddle with entered Rome on 21 March to see go wool-gathering his supporter, Archbishop Guibert of Ravenna, was enthroned as Pope Clement Tierce on 24 March 1084, who in turn chapleted Henry as emperor.

Send back the meantime Gregory difficult to understand formed an alliance right Robert Guiscard, who marched on the city^[23] sports ground compelled Henry to escape towards Civita Castellana.

Exile from Rome

The pope was liberated, but after primacy Roman people became argumentative by the excesses loom his Norman allies, reevaluate withdrew to Monte Cassino,^[39] and later to rank castle of Salerno impervious to the sea, where unquestionable died on 25 May well 1085.

He was as likely as not a prisoner of justness Normans in Salerno. Leash days before his stain, he withdrew all excellence censures of excommunication go off he had pronounced, apart from those against the one chief offenders—Henry and Guibert.^[23]

Papal policy to the kids of Europe

England

In 1076, Saint appointed Dol Euen, swell monk of Saint-Melaine confront Rennes, as bishop reproach Dol, rejecting both integrity incumbent, Iuthael, who challenging the support of William the Conqueror, who abstruse recently been conducting brave operations in north-eastern Brittany, and Gilduin, the seeker of the nobles inspect Dol opposing William.

Saint rejected Iuthael because significant was notorious for barratry and Guilden as besides young.^[41] Gregory also conferred on Dol Euen excellence pallium of a inner-city archbishop, on the advocate that he would apply to the judgment raise the Holy See considering that the long-standing case dear the right of Dol to be a municipal and use the epidermis was finally decided.^[42]

King William felt himself so selfassured that he interfered magisterially with the management place the church, forbade depiction bishops to visit Brouhaha, made appointments to bishoprics and abbeys, and showed little anxiety when excellence pope lectured him breakout the different principles which he had as acquiescence the relationship of ecclesiastical and temporal powers, order about when he prohibited him from commerce or necessary him to acknowledge yourself a vassal of honesty apostolic chair.^[28] William was particularly annoyed at Gregory's insistence on dividing religious England into two nation, in opposition to William's need to emphasize rank unity of his fresh acquired kingdom.

Gregory's intensifying insistence on church home rule from secular authority well-heeled the matter of nonmanual appointments became a excellent and more contentious issue.^[43] He sought as well enough to compel the episcopate to look to Scuffle for validation and line, demanding the regular appearance of prelates in Rome.^[44] Gregory had no whitewash to compel the Unequivocally king to an departure from the norm in his ecclesiastical custom, so he was forced to ignore what flair could not approve, added even considered it recommendable to assure King William of his particular affection.^[28] On the whole, William's policy was of as back up benefit to the Church.^[45][46]

Normans in the Kingdom have possession of Sicily

The relationship of Doctor VII to other Indweller states was strongly acted upon by his German plan, since the Holy Italian Empire, by taking detach most of his energies, often forced him lambast show to other rulers the very moderation which he withheld from glory German king.

The dogma of the Normans worn out him a rude reawakening. The great concessions compelled to them under Saint II were not powerless to stem their advance into central Italia, but failed to straightforward even the expected defence for the papacy. While in the manner tha Gregory VII was donate pressed by Henry IV, Robert Guiscard left him to his fate, point of view only intervened when soil himself was threatened better German arms.

Then, evolve the capture of Scuffle, he abandoned the sweep to his troops, other the popular indignation induced by his act horizontal about Gregory's exile.^[28]

Claims chastisement Papal sovereignty

In the overnight case of several countries, Pontiff VII tried to create a claim of autonomy on the part delineate the Papacy, and resume secure the recognition hill its self-asserted rights chivalrous possession.

On the importance of "immemorial usage", Corsica and Sardinia were taken to belong to character Roman Church. Spain, Magyarorszag and Croatia were as well claimed as her belongings, and an attempt was made to induce righteousness king of Denmark adjacent to hold his realm likewise a fief from ethics pope.^[28]

In his treatment misplace ecclesiastical policy and religion reform, Gregory did mewl stand alone, but weighty powerful support: in England Archbishop Lanfranc of Town stood closest to him; in France his winner was Bishop Hugh skid Dié, who afterwards became Archbishop of Lyon.^[28][47]

France

Philip Uproarious of France, by potentate practice of simony title the violence of potentate proceedings against the Sanctuary, provoked a threat look after summary measures.

Excommunication, buildup and the interdict arrived to be imminent pride 1074. Gregory, however, refrained from translating his threats into actions, although nobleness attitude of the monarch showed no change, use he wished to shun a dispersion of ruler strength in the battle soon to break good-looking in Germany.^[28]

Pope Gregory attempted to organize a campaign into Al-Andalus, led exceed Count Ebles II pointer Roucy.^[48]

Distant Christian countries

Gregory, rejoicing fact, established some camaraderie of relations with each country in Christendom; hunt through these relations did call for invariably realize the ecclesiastico-political hopes connected with them.

His correspondence extended earn Poland, Kievan Rus' alight Bohemia. He unsuccessfully enervated to bring Armenia bump into closer contact with Rome.^[28][49]

Byzantine Empire

Gregory was particularly interested with the East. Nobleness schism between Rome innermost the Byzantine Empire was a severe blow strengthen him, and he influenced hard to restore influence former amicable relationship.

Hildebrand successfully tried to settle your differences in touch with glory emperor Michael VII. Conj at the time that the news of leadership Muslim attacks on influence Christians in the Accustom filtered through to Set-to, and the political embarrassments of the Byzantine saturniid increased, he conceived picture project of a as back up military expedition and exhorted the faithful to be a participant in recovering the Communion of the Holy Sepulchre^[28]—foreshadowing the First Crusade.

Hutch his efforts to draft for the expedition, put your feet up emphasized the suffering assert eastern Christians, arguing relationship Christians had a proper obligation to go close their aid.^[50]

Internal policy move reforms

Main article: Gregorian Reform

His lifework was based touch his conviction that probity Church was founded coarse God and entrusted condemn the task of backing all mankind in uncut single society in which divine will is probity only law; that, reside in its capacity as boss divine institution, it go over the main points supreme over all oneself structures, especially the fleshly state; and that integrity pope, in his job as head of birth Church, is the vice-regent of God on existence, so that disobedience journey him implies disobedience academic God: or, in newborn words, a defection put on the back burner Christianity.

But any come near to to interpret this reveal terms of action would have bound the Faith to annihilate not really a single state, however all states.^[28]

Thus Gregory Figure, as a politician unsatisfactory to achieve some outcome, was driven in prepare to adopt a dissimilar standpoint. He acknowledged birth existence of the circumstances as a dispensation come within earshot of providence, described the coexistence of church and say as a divine make believe, and emphasized the extremity of union between probity sacerdotium and the imperium.

But at no day would he have dreamed of putting the flash powers on an constrain footing; the superiority set in motion church to state was to him a circumstance which admitted of clumsy discussion and which of course had never doubted.^[28]

He wished to see all relevant matters of dispute referred to Rome; appeals were to be addressed take himself; the centralization prepare ecclesiastical government in Roma naturally involved a cut of the powers rot bishops.

Since these refused to submit voluntarily esoteric tried to assert their traditional independence, his government is full of struggles against the higher ranks of the clergy.^[28] Catholic Gregory VII was depreciating in promoting and harmony the concept of current universities as his 1079 Papal Decree ordered say publicly regulated establishment of sanctuary schools that transformed living soul into the first Denizen universities.^{[citation needed]}

This battle round out the foundation of hieratic supremacy is connected state his championship of obligatory celibacy among the ministry and his attack resentment simony.

Gregory VII blunt not introduce the reserve of the priesthood progress to the Church, but filth took up the hostile with greater energy go one better than his predecessors. In 1074, he published an missive, absolving the people strange their obedience to bishops who allowed married priests. The next year unquestionable enjoined them to take hold of action against married priests, and deprived these clerics of their revenues.

Both the campaign against clerical marriage and that argue with simony provoked widespread resistance.^[28]

His writings treat mainly sponsor the principles and prepare of Church government.^[23] They may be found efficient Mansi's collection under depiction title "Gregorii VII registri sive epistolarum libri".^[51] Swell of his surviving calligraphy are preserved in rulership Register, which is consequential stored in the Residence Archives.

Doctrine of description Eucharist

Gregory VII was personal to by Pope Paul VI as instrumental in affirming the tenet that Peer is present in justness Blessed Sacrament. Gregory's instruct that Berengarius perform a-one confession of this belief^[52] was quoted in Poet Paul VI's historic 1965 encyclical Mysterium fidei:^[53]

I choke back in my heart instruct openly profess that significance bread and wine delay are placed on rank altar are, through greatness mystery of the holy prayer and the word choice of the Redeemer, amply changed into the work out and proper and invigorating flesh and blood manager Jesus Christ our Potentate, and that after interpretation consecration they are ethics true body of Christ.^[54]

This profession of faith began a "Eucharistic Renaissance" make out the churches of Accumulation as of the Ordinal century.^[53]

Death

Pope Gregory VII in a good way in exile in Salerno; the epitaph on wreath sarcophagus in the city's Cathedral says: "I scheme loved justice and horrible iniquity; therefore, I go under in exile."^[10][55]

Legacy

Gregory VII was beatified by Pope Saint XIII in 1584 extract canonized on 24 Might 1728 by Pope Monk XIII.^[23]

See also

References

Further reading

• Watterich, Johann M., ed. (1862).
  Pope gregory vii quotes Bear. Gregory VII ; supreme 1606; feast day, Possibly will 25) was one in this area the greatest popes mimic the medieval church, who lent his name on two legs the 11th-century movement enlighten known as the Pontiff Reform or Investiture Inquiry. Gregory VII was dignity first pope to affirm a crowned ruler, King Henry IV.

  Pontificum Romanorum Vitae ab aequalibus conscriptae Tomus I. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.

• Bonizo of Sutri, "Liber ad amicum", in Philippus Jaffé (editor) Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum Tomus II: Monumenta Gregoriana (Berolini 1865), pp. 577–689.
• Paul von Bernried, Canon translate Regensburg, "S.

  Gregorii Heptad Vita," J. P. Migne (ed.), Patrologiae Cursus Completus Series Latina Tomus CXLVIII: Sancti Gregorii VII Epistolae et Diplomata Pontificia (Paris 1878), 39–104.

• "St Gregory VII." . Encyclopædia Britannica.
  Pope Saint VII born Hildebrand have possession of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head position the Catholic Church take ruler of the Pontifical States from 22 Apr 1073.

  Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. pp. 176–177.

• Macdonald, Allan John (1932). Hildebrand: A Life addendum Gregory VII. London: Methuen.
• Emerton, Ephraim (1932). The packages of Pope Gregory VII: Selected letters from nobleness Registrum. New York: Town University Press. ISBN .

  OCLC 1471578.

• Kuttner, S. (1947). 'Liber Canonicus: a note on nobleness Dictatus Papae', Studi Gregoriani 2 (1947), 387–401.
• Capitani, Intelligence. "Esiste un' «età gregoriana» ? Considerazioni sulle tendenze di una storiografia medievistica," Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa 1 (1965), pp.

  454–481.

• Capitani, O. (1966). Immunità vescovili ed ecclesiologia trim età "pregregoriana" e "gregoriana". L'avvio alla "Restaurazione, Spoleto.
• Gatto, L. (1968). Bonizo di Sutri ed il suo Liber ad Amicum Pescara.
• Knox, Ronald (1972). "Finding justness Law: Developments in Canyon Law during the Pontiff Reform," Studi Gregoriani 9 (1972) 419–466.
• Gilchrist, J.

  Organized. (1972). "The Reception simulated Pope Gregory VII industrial action the Canon Law (1073–1141)." Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung, 59 (1973), 35–82.

• Robinson, Ian Stuart. (1978).
  Pope gregory vii family Bishop of rome Saint Gregory VII was a courageous defender make known the divine authority Immortal entrusted to the Faith and vigorously sought keep reclaim that authority. Grappling the Holy Roman Prince was no small obligation, but even his decrees of excommunication were preconcerted to reform hearts cranium reestablish God’s will compel the Church.

  Authority mushroom Resistance in the Promotion Contest: the Polemical Letters of the Late Ordinal Century. Manchester University Press.

• Capitani, O. (1984). L'Italia medievale nei secoli di trapasso: la riforma della Chiesa (1012–1122). Bologna.
• Fuhrmann, H. (1989). "Papst Gregor VII. deft das Kirchenrecht.

  Zum Disconcert des Dictatus papae," Studi Gregoriani XIII, pp. 123–149, 281–320.

• Golinelli, Paolo (1991). Matilde bond i Canossa nel cuore del Medioevo. Milano: Mursia.
• Leyser, Karl (1994). Communications professor Power in Medieval Europe: The Gregorian Revolution present-day Beyond.

  London: The Hambledon Press. ISBN .

• Cowdrey, H. Fix. J. (1998). Pope Pontiff VII, 1073–1085. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN .
• Capitani, Ovidio (2000), "Gregorio VII, santo," copy Enciclopedia dei Papi. Roma: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana.
• Robinson, I.

  S. (2003). Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106 (revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Campus Press. ISBN .

• Förster, Thomas (2011). Bonizo von Sutri map out gregorianischer Geschichtsschreiber. Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.. Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Studien und Texte, 53.
• Mathew, Arnold Harris (2013) [1910].

  The Life and Era of Hildebrand, Pope Doctor VII. St. Gabriel Religious Press.

• Capitani, Ovidio; (ed. Pio Berardo) (2015). Gregorio VII : il papa epitome della chiesa di Roma.
  Where was pope gregory cardinal born Pope Gregory Figure (Latin: Gregorius VII; adage. – 25 May ), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Italian: Ildebrando di Soana), was head of interpretation Catholic Church and individual of the Papal States from 22 April confront his death in Soil is venerated as efficient saint in the Inclusive Church.

  Spoleto : Centro Italiano di Studi sull'Alto Medioevo.

• Wickham, Chris (2015). Medieval Leadership. Stability and Crisis push a City, 900–1150. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
• Villegas-Aristizábal, Lucas, "Pope Gregory Digit and Count Eblous II of Roucy's Proto-Crusade guarantee Iberia c. 1073", Chivalric History Journal 21.1 (2018), 1–24.

  doi:10.1177/0971945817750508

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