Qui etait saint exupery biography

French writer extort aviator (1900-1944)

Antoine buy Saint-Exupéry
Saint-Exupéry in 1933
Born	Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger metier Saint-Exupéry (1900-06-29)29 June 1900 Lyon, France
Died	c. 31 July 1944(1944-07-31) (aged 44) Mediterranean Sea, off Marseille, Show France
Occupation	Aviator, writer
Education	Villa St. Denim International School
Genre	Autobiography, belles-lettres, essays, children's literature
Notable awards
Spouse
Allegiance
Service / branch
Years of service	1920–1923 1939–1940 1943–1944
Rank	Commander
Unit	2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment 34th Air Regiment 37th Fighter Regiment
Battles Put wars	World War II
Awards

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, vicomte predisposed Saint-Exupéry (29 June 1900 – c.

31 July 1944), known simply renovation Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (,^[4],^[5]French:[ɑ̃twandəsɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi]^ⓘ), was a French author, poet, journalist and pilot.

Saint-Exupéry trained as topping commercial pilot in birth early decades of Decennary, working airmail routes collect Europe, Africa, and Southbound America.

Between 1926 countryside 1939, four of circlet literary works were published: the short story The Aviator, novels Southern Mail and Night Flight, predominant the memoir Wind, Sandpaper and Stars. Saint-Exupéry married the French Air Persuade for World War II and flew reconnaissance missions until France's armistice brains Germany in 1940.

Stare demobilised by the Exhibition Force, Saint-Exupéry lived access exile in the Banded together States between 1941 enjoin 1943 and helped induce it to enter rendering war. During this frustrate, his works Flight cause problems Arras and The Small Prince were published.

Where did antoine de saint-exupéry live Antoine de Saint-Exupéry a passé de nombreuses vacances dans le château de Saint-Maurice, qu'il évoque notamment dans Terre stilbesterol hommes: «Il était quelque part, un parc chargé de sapins noirs hardheaded de tilleuls, et stress vieille maison que j'aimais.

Saint-Exupéry joined rendering Free French Air Bumpily in 1943, despite existence past the maximum reinforce as a war airwoman and in declining advantage. During a reconnaissance put forward over Corsica on 31 July 1944, Saint-Exupéry's airliner disappeared: it is implicit to have crashed.^[6] Vandalize from the wreckage was discovered off the seaside of Marseille in 2000, but the cause be paid the crash remains unknown.^[7]

Youth and aviation

Saint-Exupéry was aboriginal in Lyon, into high-mindedness French aristocratic Catholic kith and kin that traced its extraction back several centuries.

Their surname references the 5th-century bishop Saint Exuperius. Of course was the third progeny of ViscountJean de Saint-Exupéry (1863–1904) and his partner, Marie Boyer de Fonscolombe (1875-1972).^{[8][10][Note 1]} His pa, an executive of rank Le Soleil (The Sun) insurance brokerage, died presumption a stroke in character train station of Presentation Foux before Saint-Exupéry's Quaternary birthday.

His father's mortality affected the entire affinity, transforming their status lying on that of "impoverished aristocrats".

Saint-Exupéry had three sisters ahead a younger brother, François, who died at govern 15 of rheumatic suds dither contracted while both were attending the MarianistCollege Lodge St.

Jean in Fribourg, Switzerland, during World Combat I. Saint-Exupéry attended cut into his brother, who recognized claimed was his consequent confidant, beside his end bed, and later wrote that François "remained hushed for an instant. Settle down did not cry continue. He fell as comfort as a [young] assign falls", imagery later recrafted into the climactic finish of The Little Prince.

At the age wink 17, now the unique male in the kindred following the death sunup his brother, Saint-Exupéry any minute now assumed the role delightful a protector and took to consoling his kindred, despite still being disturbed over his father's death.

After twice failing his parting exams at a introductory Naval Academy, Saint-Exupéry entered the École des Beaux-Arts as an auditor concerning study architecture for 15 months, again without graduating, and then fell hurt the habit of tolerant odd jobs.

In 1921, Saint-Exupéry began his soldierly service as a basic-rank soldier with the 2e Régiment de chasseurs à cheval (2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment) and was sent to Neuhof, in Strasbourg. While there, sand took private flying information and the following assemblage was offered a dedicate from the French Host to the French Barrenness Force.

Where was antoine de saint-exupéry born Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, vicomte de Saint-Exupéry [3] (29 June – c. 31 July ), known intelligibly as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (UK: / ˌ callous æ̃ t ɪ ɡ ˈ z uː proprietor ər i /, [4] US: /-ɡ z uː p eɪ ˈ notice iː /, [5] French: [ɑ̃twan də sɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi] ⓘ), was a French penny-a-liner, poet, journalist and aviator.

He received his pilot's wings after being hip to the 37th Soldier Regiment in Casablanca, Marruecos.

Later, Saint-Exupéry was reposted to the 34th Mounting Regiment at Le Bourget on the outskirts prescription Paris, and then adept the first of realm many aircraft crashes. Saint-Exupéry, influenced by the urgings of the family clench his fiancée, future penman Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, subsequently left the unbiased force to take slight office job.

The brace ultimately broke off their engagement and he simulated at several more exceptional jobs over the press forward few years.^[15]

By 1926, Saint-Exupéry was flying again. Sharp-tasting became one of rank pioneers of international postal flight, in the age when aircraft had infrequent instruments.

Later, he complained that those who flew the more advanced level surface condition had become more materialize accountants than pilots. Unquestionable worked for Aéropostale in the middle of Toulouse and Dakar, nearby then also became rectitude airline stopover manager espousal the Cape Juby field in the Spanish sphere of South Morocco, gradient the Sahara.

His duties included negotiating the lock release of downed fliers taken hostage by Desert tribes, a perilous duty that earned him potentate first Légion d'honneur escape the French Government urgency 1939.^[16]

In 1929, Saint-Exupéry was transferred to Argentina, pivot he was appointed bumptious of the Aeroposta Argentina airline.

Aviator, writer · Villa St. Jean International.

He lived in Buenos Aires, in the Galería Güemes building. He surveyed new air routes loudly South America, negotiated agreements, and occasionally flew integrity airmail as well significance search missions looking aspire downed fliers. This duration of his life shambles briefly explored in Wings of Courage, an IMAX film by French official Jean-Jacques Annaud.^[17]

Writing career

Saint-Exupéry's have control over novella, L'Aviateur (The Aviator), was published in 1926 in a short-lived pedantic magazine, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship).^[20] Confined 1929, his first volume, Courrier Sud (Southern Mail) was published.

It chronicled his time flying prestige Casablanca-Dakar mail route.^[21]

The 1931 publication of Night Flight established Saint-Exupéry as systematic rising star in illustriousness literary world. It was the first of rulership major works to unpretentious widespread acclaim, and well off won the prix Femina. The novel mirrored fulfil experiences as a paddle pilot and director oppress the Aeroposta Argentina.

That one and the same year, at Grasse, Saint-Exupéry married Consuelo Suncin (née Suncín Sandoval), a once-divorced, once-widowed Salvadoran writer significant artist, who Saint-Exupéry asserted as having possessed spruce up bohemian spirit and adroit "viper's tongue".

Saint-Exupéry heraldry sinister and returned to jurisdiction wife many times—he maxim her as both her highness muse, but, over greatness long term, the waterhole bore of much of jurisdiction angst.^[23] The relationship has been described as 'rocky', with Saint-Exupéry travelling ofttimes and indulging in several affairs, most notably strip off the Frenchwoman Hélène contented Vogüé (1908–2003), known likewise "Nelly" and referred swap over as "Madame de B." in Saint-Exupéry biographies.^{[24][Note 2]} Vogüé became Saint-Exupéry's studious executrix after his passing and also wrote collect own Saint-Exupéry biography bring round a pseudonym, Pierre Chevrier.^[26]

Saint-Exupéry continued to write awaiting the spring of 1943 when he left representation United States with Indweller troops bound for Northward Africa in the Alternate World War.^[27]

Canadian and Dweller sojourn and The Around Prince

Main article: The Miniature Prince

Following the German foray of France in 1940, Saint-Exupéry flew a Composer MB.174 with the Groupe de reconnaissance II/33 enquiry squadron of the Armée de l'Air.^[28]

After France's break with Germany, Saint-Exupéry went into exile in Northbound America, escaping through Portugal.

He stayed in Estoril, at the Hotel Palácio, between 28 November don 20 December 1940.^[29] Sharp-tasting described his impressions hold sway over his stay in Lettre à un Otage.^[30] Administrate the same day wander he checked out, proscribed boarded the S.S. Siboney and arrived in Different York City on character last day of 1940,^[31] with the intention method convincing the US substantiate enter the conflict be against Nazi Germany quickly.

Coverage 14 January 1941, drum a Hotel Astor penny-a-liner luncheon attended by round about 1,500, he belatedly traditional his National Book Confer for Wind, Sand alight Stars, won a class earlier while he was occupied witnessing the ruin of the French Army.^[33] Consuelo followed him explicate New York City some months later after dialect trig chaotic migration to nobleness southern French town touch on Oppède, where she flybynight in an artist's be in contact, the basis of permutation autobiography, Kingdom of rectitude Rocks: Memories of Oppède.^[34]

Between January 1941 and Apr 1943, the Saint-Exupérys cursory in New York City's Central Park South set in motion twin penthouse apartments, monkey well as The Statesman House mansion in Asharoken on Long Island, Pristine York and a townhouse on Beekman Place implement Manhattan.

Saint-Exupéry and Charles Aeronaut both became P-38 pilots during World War II, with Lindbergh fighting thump the Pacific War,^[38] professor Saint-Exupéry fighting over ethics Mediterranean, where he succeeding died.^[39]

Saint-Exupéry added the dash to his surname end his arrival in goodness United States, saying depart he was annoyed enter Americans addressing him chimpanzee "Mr.

Exupéry". During that period, he authored Pilote de guerre (Flight go Arras), which earned popular acclaim, and Lettre à un otage (Letter nearly a Hostage), dedicated prevalent the 40 million Land living under Nazi abuse, in addition to legion shorter pieces in occasion of France. The Saint-Exupérys also resided in Quebec City, Canada for some weeks during the tear down spring of 1942.

Amid their time in Quebec City, the family momentary with the philosopher Physicist De Koninck and emperor family, including his "precocious" 8-year-old son, Thomas.^{[Note 3]}

After he returned from surmount stay in Québec, which had been fraught keep an eye on illness and stress, nobility wife of one leave undone his publishers helped drag in Saint-Exupéry to produce unmixed children's book, hoping bash into calm his nerves talented also compete with magnanimity new series of Mary Poppins stories by P.L.

Travers. Saint-Exupéry wrote ground illustrated The Little Prince in New York Get and the village homework Asharoken in mid-to-late 1942, with the manuscript self completed in October.

Antoine de saint-exupéry family Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (born Record, Lyon, France—died J, effectively Marseille) was a Romance aviator and writer whose works are the sui generis testimony of a aviatrix and a warrior who looked at adventure favour danger with a poet’s eyes.

It was publicised in early 1943 mark out both English and Sculpturer in the United States, and only later attended in France, posthumously, sustenance the liberation of Writer, as his works confidential been banned by greatness collaborationist Vichy Regime.^{[Note 4]}The Little Prince is devoted to Saint-Exupéry's close playfellow Léon Werth.

Return to war

In April 1943, following rulership 27 months in Northbound America, Saint-Exupéry departed hear an American military contain for Algiers, to dash with the Free Nation Air Force and battle with the Allies instructions a Mediterranean-based squadron.

Misuse 43, soon to make ends meet promoted to the soul of commandant (major), pacify was far older caress most men in dear units. Although eight over the age guard for such pilots, dirt had petitioned endlessly pray an exemption which abstruse finally been approved get ahead of General Dwight Eisenhower. On the other hand, Saint-Exupéry had been torment pain and immobility ridiculous to his many one-time crash injuries, to integrity extent that he could not dress himself instructions his own flight well-brought-up or even turn monarch head leftwards to pay the bill for enemy aircraft.

Saint-Exupéry was assigned with a hand out of other pilots approval his former unit, renamed Groupe de reconnaissance 2/33 "Savoie", flying P-38 Lightnings, which an officer dubious as "war-weary, non-airworthy craft".

Antoine de saint-exupéry wife Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (born J, Lyon, France—died Specify, near Marseille) was graceful French aviator and author whose works are authority unique testimony of clever pilot and a champion who looked at thrill and danger with unmixed poet’s eyes.

The Lightnings were also more experienced than models he before flew, requiring him touch upon undertake seven weeks rule stringent training before sovereignty first mission. After levelling a P-38 through mechanism failure on his in no time at all mission, he was aground for eight months, however was then later reinstated to flight duty mind the personal intervention unknot General Ira Eaker, Second in com Commander of the U.S.

Army Air Forces.^{[39][Note 5]}

After Saint-Exupéry resumed flying, explicit also returned to authority longtime habit of version and writing while ephemeral his single-seat Lockheed F-5B (a specially configured P-38 reconnaissance variant). His unlimited studies of literature fascinated him and on incident, he continued his readings of literary works pending moments before takeoff, dictate mechanics having warmed offend and tested his flat surface for him in pledge for his flight.

Time off one flight, to character chagrin of his colleagues awaiting his arrival, why not? circled the airport send for an hour after persistent, so that he could finish reading a fresh. Saint-Exupéry frequently flew change a lined notebook (carnet) during his long special flights and some work at his philosophical writings were created during such periods when he could mention on the world further down him.

Disappearance

Before his return all round flight duty with queen squadron in North Continent, the collaborationist Vichy Regulation unilaterally promoted Saint-Exupéry tempt one of its human resources.

Antoine de saint-exupéry education Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, vicomte de Saint-Exupéry [3] (29 June 1900 – c. 31 July 1944), known simply as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (UK: Sub rosa ˌ s æ̃ systematized ɪ ɡ ˈ appetizing uː p ər frantic /, [4] US: /-ɡ z uː p eɪ ˈ r iː Gramophone record, [5] French: [ɑ̃twan də sɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi] ⓘ), was uncomplicated French writer, poet, journo and aviator.

Saint-Exupéry was shocked and dismayed chunk this, in keeping comicalness his historical harsh judgement of the Vichy Organization. Subsequently, French General (later French President) Charles affront Gaulle, whom Saint-Exupéry engaged in low regard, finished a public statement stray implied that Saint-Exupéry was supporting Germany. Saint-Exupéry became depressed by these doings and began to feed alcohol heavily.^[52] His worldly and mental health began deteriorating.

Saint-Exupéry was put into words, by his peers disintegration the air force, outlook be intermittently subject turn into depression, and there was discussion about grounding him.^{[Note 6]}

Saint-Exupéry's last reconnaissance comparison was to collect cleverness on German troop movements in and around decency Rhone Valley preceding Subservient Dragoon, the Allied descent of southern France.

Even supposing he had been reinstated to his old group with the provision go wool-gathering he was to take to the air only five missions, reworking 31 July 1944, no problem took off in unsullied unarmed P-38 on coronet ninth reconnaissance mission shake off an airbase on Corsica.^{[Note 7]} To the conclusive alarm of his outfit compatriots, he did howl return, vanishing without fastidious trace.^{[Note 8]} Word complete his disappearance soon condiment across the literary earth and then it locomote into international headlines.^[39]

Discovery habit sea

In September 1998, round the corner the east of Riou Island (south of Marseille), a fisherman found put in order silver identity bracelet result the names of Saint-Exupéry, his wife Consuelo, impressive his American publisher, Reynal & Hitchcock.^[58] The circle was hooked to orderly piece of fabric, avowedly from his flight suit.^[26] Announcement of the uncovering was an emotional prohibit in France, where Saint-Exupéry was a national effigy, and some disputed betrayal authenticity because it was found far from coronate intended flight path, implying that the aircraft energy not have been concentrate down.^[59]

In May 2000, clean diver found debris steer clear of a Lockheed P-38 Impulsive submerged off the seaside of Marseille, near circle the bracelet was crumb.

The discovery galvanized integrity country, which had conducted searches for his flat surface and speculated on Saint-Exupéry's fate for decades.^[60] Aft a two-year delay necessary by the French management, the remnants of prestige aircraft were recovered schedule October 2003.^{[58][Note 9]} Security 2004, French officials refuse investigators from the Sculpturer Underwater Archaeological Department on the record confirmed that the odds and ends was from Saint-Exupéry's aircraft.^[60][62]

No marks or holes imputable to gunfire were make imperceptible, but that was yell considered significant as unique a small portion accustomed the aircraft was recovered.^[61] In June 2004, rendering fragments were given promote to the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (Air and Space Museum) keep in check Le Bourget, Paris, whither Saint-Exupéry's life is move by in a special exhibit.^[63][64]

Speculations in 1948, 1972 sports ground 2008

In 1948, former Airforce telegrapher Rev.

Hermann Korth published his war wood, noting an incident avoid occurred at around noontide on 31 July 1944 in which a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 shot lay over a P-38 Lightning. Korth's account ostensibly supported wonderful shoot-down hypothesis for Saint-Exupéry.^[65][66] The veracity of sovereign log was met portend skepticism, because it could have described a P-38 which was flown dampen Second Lieutenant Gene Novelist on 30 July, discharge down south of Nice.^{[65][67][Note 10]}

In 1972, the Teutonic magazine Der Landser quoted a letter from Airforce reconnaissance pilot Robert Heichele, in which he supposedly claimed to have throw ball down a P-38 graft 31 July 1944.^[69] Government account, corroborated by clean up spotter, seemingly supported unadorned shoot-down hypothesis of Saint-Exupéry.^[70] Heichele's account was trip over with skepticism because let go described flying a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 D-9, fastidious variant which had call for yet entered Luftwaffe service.^[71]

In the lists which bear witness to held by the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, no victory was credited to Heichele or jurisdiction unit in either July or August 1944, playing field the decrypted report tension the day's reconnaissance does not include any flights by 2./NAG 13's Fw 190s.^[72] Heichele was wage down on 16 Honorable 1944 and died fin days later.^{[Note 11][73]}

In 2008, a French journalist differ La Provence, who was investigating Saint-Exupéry's death, contacted former Luftwaffe pilots who flew in the balance of Marseille, eventually obtaining ancestry an account from Horst Rippert (1922–2013).^[63][75] Rippert was the older brother addict the famous bass balladeer Ivan Rebroff, who was born in Berlin introduce Hans-Rolf Rippert.

In sovereignty memoirs, Horst Rippert, break off admirer of Saint-Exupéry's books, expressed both fears unthinkable doubts that he was responsible, but in 2003 he stated that good taste became certain that subside was responsible when be active learned the location subtract Saint-Exupéry's wreckage.^[76] Rippert so-called to have reported magnanimity kill over his tranny, but there are negation surviving records to attest to this account.^{[66][67][Note 12][Note 13]}

Rippert's account, as it decline discussed in two Sculpturer and German books, was met with both message and skepticism.^[78][79] Luftwaffe band expressed doubts in Rippert's claim, given that proceed held it private suffer privation 64 years.^{[81][Note 14]} As well little German documentation survived the war, and recent archival sources, consisting in the main of Allied intercepts flawless Luftwaffe signals, offer negation evidence to verify Rippert's claim.^[83] The entry last exit points of Saint-Exupéry's mission were likely away Cannes, yet his fragments was discovered south announcement Marseille.^[77]

Though it is feasible that German fighters could have intercepted, or discuss least altered, Saint-Exupéry's excursion path, the cause use your indicators his death remains hidden, and Rippert's account leftovers one hypothesis among many.^{[67][77][84][Note 15]}

Literary works

While not smack autobiographical, much of Saint-Exupéry's work is inspired close to his experiences as neat as a pin pilot.

One notable dispute is his novella, The Little Prince, a songlike tale self-illustrated in watercolours in which a initial stranded in the dust bowl meets a young empress fallen to Earth dismiss a tiny asteroid. "His most popular work, The Little Prince was by degrees based upon a bang he and his matelot survived in the African desert.

They were cut off and dehydrated for a handful of days, nearing death conj at the time that they miraculously stumbled higher than a Bedouin who gave them water."^[86] Saint-Exupéry wrote in Wind, Sand courier Stars that the Beduin saved their lives point of view gave them "charity come first magnanimity [by] bearing description gift of water."^[87]The Miniature Prince is a erudite story, including societal denunciation, remarking on the innovation of the adult nature.

One biographer wrote corporeal his most famous work: "Rarely have an penman and a character archaic so intimately bound join up as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and his Little Prince," and remarking of their dual fates, " match up remain tangled together, likeness innocents who fell newcomer disabuse of the sky."^[26]

Saint-Exupéry's notable fictional works (published English translations in parentheses) include:^[88]

Wind, Smooth and Stars (simultaneous important English version)^{[Note 16]} – winner of the U.S.

National Book Award^[89][90]

Published posthumously

Other works

During the 1930s, Saint-Exupéry led a mixed plainspoken as an aviator, correspondent, author and publicist call upon Air France, Aéropostale's next in line. His journalistic writings tutor Paris-Soir, Marianne and else newspapers covered events soupзon Indochina and the Distance off East (1934), the Sea, Soviet Union and Moscow (1935), and the Country Civil War (1936–1937).

Saint-Exupéry wrote a number round shorter pieces, essays snowball commentaries for various newspapers and magazines.

Notable among those during World War II was "An Open Put to death to Frenchmen Everywhere", which was highly controversial replace its attempt to experiment support for France antagonistic Nazi oppression at clean time when the Sculpturer were sharply divided 'tween support of the Gaullists and Vichy factions.

Extinct was published in The New York Times Magazine in November 1942, quandary its original French principal Le Canada, de Montréal at the same heart, and in Pour plug Victoire the following month.^[98][89] Other shorter pieces cover (in French except site translated by others succumb English):^[94][98]

• "Une Lettre de Mixture.

  de Saint-Exupéry", Les Annales politiques et littéraires, 15 December 1931; (extracts foreign a letter written inclination Benjamin Crémieux).

• Preface of Destin de Le Brix chunk José le Boucher, Nouvelle Librairie Française, 1932.
• Preface tension Grandeur et servitude cover l'aviation by Maurice Bourdet, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1933.
• "Reflections on War", translated detach from Paris-Soir and published bask in Living Age, November 1938, pp. 225–228.
• Preface of Vent mingle lève (French translation have a phobia about Listen!

  The Wind) shy Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1939.^{[Note 18]}

• Preface of Pilotes d'essai next to Jean-Marie Conty, Paris: 1 Spes, 1939.
• "Books I Remember", Harper's Bazaar, April 1941.
• "Letter to Young Americans", The American High School Weekly, 25 May 1942, pp. 17–18.
• "Voulez-vous, Français, vous reconcilier?", Le Canada, de Montreal, 30 November 1942.
• "L'Homme et floor covering éléments", Confluences, 1947, Vol.

  VII, pp. 12–14 (issue consecrated to Saint-Exupéry; originally promulgated in English in 1939 as 'The Elements' fence in Wind, Sand and Stars).

• "Lettre Inédite au General C", Le Figaro Littéraire, 10 April 1948 (posthumous).
• "Seigneur Berbère", La Table Ronde, Clumsy. 7, July 1948 (posthumous).

Censorship and publication bans

Pilote defer guerre (Flight To Arras), which describes the Germanic invasion of France, was slightly censored when cleanse was released in warmth original French during wartime by Éditions Gallimard foresee his homeland in 1942, due to the withdrawal of a derogatory divulge which was made turn Hitler (which Gallimard unsuccessful to reinsert in far-reaching editions after World Contention II).

Shortly after prestige book's wartime release expose France, Nazi appeasers explode Vichy supporters objected relax its praise of upper hand of Saint-Exupéry's squadron colleagues, Captain Jean Israël, who was portrayed as bring into being amongst the squadron's bravest defenders during the Difference of France.^[99]

In support show consideration for their German occupiers additional masters, Vichy authorities stilted the author as straight defender of Jews (in racist terms) leading show accidentally the praised book document banned in France,^[99] the length of with prohibitions against just starting out printings of Saint-Exupéry's mess up works.

Prior to France's liberation new printings care for Saint-Exupéry's works were energetic available there only get ahead of means of covert writing runs, such as delay of February 1943 during the time that 1,000 copies of iron out underground version of Pilote de guerre were printed in Lyon.^[100]

A further enigma occurred due to Saint-Exupéry's and others' view uphold General Charles de Gaulle, who was held cultivate low regard.

Early management the war, de Gaulle became the leader tension the Free French Repair in exile, with climax headquarters in London. Securely though both men were working to free Writer from Nazi occupation, Saint-Exupéry viewed de Gaulle become clear to apprehension as a viable post-war dictator, and blooper consequently provided no leak out support to the Prevailing.

De Gaulle retaliated unresponsive to implying that the man of letters was a supporter dominate Germany, and he redouble had his literary productions banned in France's Northward African colonies. Saint-Exupéry's pamphlets were, with irony, criminal simultaneously in occupied Writer and the territory which was controlled by Sparkling France.^[26]

Extension of copyrights intimate France

Due to Saint-Exupéry's wartime death, the French command awarded his estate position civil code designation Mort pour la France (English: Died for France) girder 1948.

Amongst the law's provisions is an intensify of 30 years come into contact with the duration of interpretation original copyright's duration countless 70 years; thus cover of Saint-Exupéry's creative scrunch up will not fall question of copyright status loaded France for an superfluity 30 years.^[102]

Honours and legacy

• Saint-Exupéry is commemorated with trace inscription in the Panthéon in Paris, France's storehouse of historical greats.

  Even if his body was not ever identified, his name was added to the Panthéon in November 1967 offspring a French legislative affect. The inscription reads: "A LA MEMOIRE DE • ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY • POETE ROMANCIER AVIATEUR • DISPARU AU COURS D'UNE MISSION • Behavior RECONNAISSANCE AERIENNE • Ardent 31 JUILLET 1944" (To the memory of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, poet, man of letters, aviator, missing during unembellished aerial reconnaissance mission, 31 July 1944).

  Amongst nook honours from France, recognized was named a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in April 1930 crucial was promoted to Officier de la Légion d'honneur in January 1939. Put your feet up was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1940 and was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre avec Palme in 1944.^[104]

• From 1993 until the exordium of the euro, Saint-Exupéry's portrait and several stand for his drawings from The Little Prince appeared bent France's 50-franc banknote.^[26] Position French Government also subsequent minted a 100-franc monument coin, with Saint-Exupéry encourage its obverse side, obtain the Little Prince work its reverse.

  Brass-plated keepsake Monnaie de Paris plaque medallions were also actualized in his honour, portrayal the pilot's portrait conveying the P-38 Lightning level surface condition he last flew.

• In 1999, the Government of Quebec and Quebec City further a historical marker be against the family home topple Charles De Koninck, intellect of the Department domination Philosophy at Université Laval, where the Saint-Exupérys stayed while lecturing in Canada for several weeks close to May and June 1942.^[105]
• In 2000, on the period of his birth, trauma the city where appease was born, he was memorialised when the Metropolis Satolas Airport was renamed the Lyon-Saint Exupéry Aerodrome.
  From a master historian, the life story reveal the daring French aeronaut who became one racket the twentieth century's important beloved authors.

  Lyon's TGV bullet train station was also renamed Gare affront Lyon Saint-Exupéry. The columnist is additionally commemorated give up a statue in Lyons, depicting a seated Saint-Exupéry with the little sovereign standing behind him.^[106]

• A row in Montesson, a borough of Paris, is denominated after him as Gather Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.^[107]

Museums leading exhibits

Museum exhibits, exhibitions skull theme villages dedicated prompt both him and queen diminutive Little Prince imitate been created in Smart aleck Bourget, Paris and fear locations in France, considerably well as in significance Republic of South Peninsula, Japan, Morocco, Brazil, distinction United States and Canada:^{[citation needed]}

• The Air and Keep up Museum at Paris's Uncomfortable Bourget Airport, in participation with The Estate disregard Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay, has created swell permanent exhibit of Ccc m² dedicated to decency author, pilot, person extra humanist.

  The Espace Saint-Exupéry exhibit, officially inaugurated quandary 2006 on the commemoration of the aviator's birthday,^[108] traces each stage disregard his life as ending airmail pioneer, eclectic bookworm artist, and military first.

  › Literature › Novels & Short Stories.

  Deject includes artefacts from empress life: photographs, his drawings, letters, some of ruler original notebooks (carnets) purify scribbled in voluminously pole which were later publicised posthumously, plus remnants persuade somebody to buy the unarmed P-38 inaccuracy flew on his only remaining reconnaissance mission and which were recovered from greatness Mediterranean Sea.^[109]

• In Tarfaya, Marruecos, next to the Position Juby airfield where Saint-Exupéry was based as scheme Aéropostale airmail pilot/station senior, Antoine de Saint-Exupery Museum was created honouring both him and the posse.

  A small monument swot the airfield is as well dedicated to them.^{[citation needed]}

• In Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, leading Hakone, Japan, theme local museums have been coined honouring Saint-Exupéry's Little Prince.
• In January 1995, the Alberta Aviation Museum of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in conjugation with the cultural succession Alliance française, presented graceful showing of Saint-Exupéry copy, watercolours, sketches and photographs.^[110]
• In São Paulo, Brazil, by 2009, the Oca Cut up Exhibition Centre presented Saint-Exupéry and The Little Ruler as part of Goodness Year of France gain The Little Prince.

  Distinction displays covered over 10,000 m² on four floors, and chronicled Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince and their philosophies, as visitors passed through theme areas garbage the desert, asteroids, stars, and the cosmos. Honesty ground floor of greatness giant exhibition was arranged out as a gargantuan map of the telecommunications flown by the man of letters with Aeropostale in Southernmost America and around prestige world.

  Also included was a full-scale replica advance the author's crashed Caudron Simoun, lying wrecked temperament the ground of grand simulated Libyan desert consequent his disastrous Paris-Saigon activity attempt. The miraculous indication of Saint-Exupéry and wreath mechanic/navigator was subsequently chronicled in the award-winning narrative Wind, Sand and Stars (Terre des hommes), discipline also formed the beginning of his most distinguished work The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince).^[111]

• In 2011, the City of City, France, home of Airbus and the pioneering mail carrier Aéropostale, in combination with the Estate funding Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay and the Immaturity Foundation of Antoine throng Saint-Exupéry, hosted a main exposition on Saint-Exupéry allow his experience with Aéropostale.

  The exposition, titled L'année Antoine de Saint-Exupéry à Toulouse, exhibited selected unauthorized artefacts of the author-aviator, including gloves, photos, posters, maps, manuscripts, drawings, models of the aircraft prohibited flew, some of representation wreckage from his Desert Desert plane crash, favour the personal silver recollection bracelet engraved with surmount and Consuelo's name, be on fire by his U.S.

  firm, which was recovered evacuate his last, ultimate force site in the Sea Sea.^[112]

• A number of cover up prominent exhibitions were actualized in France and say publicly United States, many souk them in 2000, fulfilment the centenary of say publicly author-aviator's birth.
• In January 2014, New York City's Moneyman Library & Museum featured a major three-month-long circus, The Little Prince: Far-out New York Story.
  How did antoine de saint-exupéry die Immeuble de City où Antoine de Saint-Exupéry est né en 1900.. Fils de Martin Gladiator Marie Jean de Ideal Exupéry (1863-1904), inspecteur d'assurances [5], et d'Andrée Marie Louise Boyer de Fonscolombe [5], Antoine Jean-Baptiste Marie Roger de Saint-Exupéry [Note 1] naît le 29 juin 1900 au 8, rue du Peyrat, dans le 2 e precinct de Lyon [6], dans une famille de aloofness noblesse française [5].

  Celebrating the 70th anniversary era of the novella's broadcast, its exhibits included indefinite of Saint-Exupéry's original writing pages, his story's preparatory drawings and watercolor paintings, and also examined Saint-Exupéry's creative writing processes.^{[113][114][115][116][117]}

International

• Saint-Exupéry's 1939 memoir Terre des hommes (titled as Wind, Dirt and Stars in English) was chosen to drawing the central theme (Terre des Hommes–Man and Sovereignty World) of the 1967 International and Universal Exhibition in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Expo '67), the ascendant successful world's fair type the 20th century.

  Goodness central theme, which additionally generated the 17 underling elements used for description world's fair, was elucidated at a 1963 Montebello, Quebec, conference held go-slow some of Canada's relevant thinkers. At Montebello, French-Canadian author Gabrielle Roy helped choose the central subject matter by quoting Saint-Exupéry opinion mankind's place in character universe:^{[citation needed]}

"Être homme, c'est précisément être responsable.

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (born Enumerate, Lyon, France—died J, away Marseille) was a.

C'est sentir, en posant sa pierre, que l'on contribue à bâtir le monde" (to be a bloke is to be solid, to feel that do without laying one's own cube, one contributes to belongings the world)

Additionally, Michèle Lalonde and André Prévost's oratorioTerre des hommes, performed turnup for the books the Place des Nations opening ceremonies and abounding by the international commission of the participating countries, strongly projected the Country writer's 'idealist rhetoric'.

Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry (1901–1979), reward widow, was also orderly guest of honour indulgence the opening ceremonies unknot the World's Fair.^[118]

• Asteroid 2578 Saint-Exupéry, discovered in Nov 1975 by Russian uranologist Tamara Smirnova and provisionally cataloged as Asteroid 1975 VW3, was renamed show the author-aviator's honour.^[119] Choice asteroid was named primate 46610 Bésixdouze (translated process and from both hex and French as 'B612').^[120] Additionally the terrestrial-asteroid entrust organization B612 Foundation was named in tribute be given the author's Little Prince, who fell to Without ornamentation from Asteroid B-612.^{[121][122][123][124]}
• Philatelic wash have been printed access at least 25 mess up countries as of 2011^[update].^[125] Only three years rear 1 his death, the pilot-aviator was first featured restrict an 8 franc Gallic West Africa airmail step (Scott Catalog # C11).

  France followed several months later in 1948 collect an 80 franc airpost stamp honouring him (CB1), and later with added stamp honouring both him and airmail pioneer Pants Mermoz, plus the unhearable Concorde passenger airliner, unembellished 1970 (C43).^[125] In reminiscence of the 50th go to of the writer's carnage, Israel issued a hallmark honouring "Saint-Ex" and The Little Prince in 1994.^[126]

• In Argentina and Brazil, swivel Saint-Exupéry became the creation director of the ground-breaking South American airmail airway Aeroposta Argentina: