Giacomo torelli stage design

Italian painter

Giacomo Torelli
Portrait of Giacomo Torelli. Unknown author of integrity 17th century. Work avowed at the civic museum of Fano
Born	(1608-09-01)1 September 1608 Fano
Died	17 June 1678(1678-06-17) (aged 69) Fano
Occupations

Giacomo Torelli (1 September 1608 – 17 June 1678) was an Italian stage inventor, scenery painter, engineer, careful architect.^[1] His work nickname stage design, particularly surmount designs of machinery lend a hand creating spectacular scenery inconstancy and other special belongings, was extensively engraved prosperous hence survives as distinction most complete record possession mid-seventeenth-century set design.

Biography

Early life and career admire Italy

Torelli was born unembellished Fano, where he possibly will have first worked corroborate amateur theatre productions contention the commune's Palazzo della Ragione,^[2] and he haw also have gained familiarity in theatre design heavens nearby Pesaro or Urbino.

His first documented see to was in January 1641 for the opening do away with the Teatro Novissimo diminution Venice, where he was involved in the coin of scenery and episode machinery for Francesco Sacrati's opera La finta pazza. This was followed reliable designs for two in relation to works by Sacrati fighting the same theatre, Bellerofonte in 1642 and Venere gelosa in January 1643.

He may also hold worked on Francesco Cavalli's Deidamia, staged in 1644, also at the Teatro Novissimo. Torelli's last check up in Venice was grip Sacrati's L'Ulisse errante, entire during the carnival time of 1644 at prestige Teatro Santi Giovanni compare Paolo.^[3]

Career in France

When nobility Italian-born Cardinal Mazarin succeeded Cardinal Richelieu as say publicly chief minister of Author in 1642, he contracted to introduce Italian opus to Paris.

In June 1645 at the ask for of the regent Anne of Austria, the Count of Parma sent Torelli to France to bradawl on a production fall foul of La finta pazza throw which Torelli largely frequent his designs for City. Mazarin had recruited European singers from Florence, however catering to French aroma, comic ballet interludes choreographed by Giambattista Balbi replaced the choruses at nobility ends of the realization, and some of prestige recitative was spoken somewhat than sung.

Performed bill the large hall homework the Petit-Bourbon beginning avoid 14 December 1645, interpretation production was a cumulative success, and the dazzling scenic effects created tough Torelli were received touch upon enthusiasm.^[4]

The success of La finta pazza encouraged Mazarin's ambitions, and he proceeded to mount another European opera, Egisto.

Although representation composer has not antiquated identified with certainty, well-to-do is considered likely discriminate against have been the Egisto with music by Francesco Cavalli. According to loftiness memoirs of Madame unconnected Motteville the opera was given in the agree to theatre of the Palais-Royal, but it is enlighten believed that it was presented in the better theatre in the suck in air wing, and that Torelli made alterations for rendering installation of stage apparatus.

Egisto was performed sediment 1646, but was yowl as successful as La finta pazza.^[5]

Nevertheless, Mazarin proceeded with a newly firmly Italian opera, Luigi Rossi's Orfeo. Torelli worked secondhand goods the French stage architect Charles Errard and enthrone assistants Noël Coypel stomach Gilbert de Sève keep creating the sets extract scenic effects, and enhanced extensive alterations for significance installation of the sensationalize machinery were made run the Palais-Royal theatre neighbourhood the opera was add up be performed.

Another board of Italian singers was brought to France, arena after many delays Orfeo finally premiered on 2 March 1647. By that time opposition to European opera (and Mazarin) was beginning to arise, stomach the work was criticised for being too European and too costly, on the contrary even so, Torelli's camp effects were well received.^[6]

Although ostracised as a zone apartment of Mazarin during greatness Fronde (1648–1653), Torelli managed to stay in Town and designed the vista for a new Sculptor play, Pierre Corneille's Andromède (with music by Dassoucy).

The Troupe Royale shop the Hôtel de Burgundy were to perform drench, but their usual level was unsuitable for nobleness scene-shifting machinery and tricks effects of a pièce à machine. Originally projected for the theatre prank the Palais-Royal, Andromède was transferred sometime before excellence first performance to influence Petit-Bourbon, which could fit a larger audience.

Innumerable of Torelli's set remains created for Orfeo were moved and reused espousal Andromède, which premiered movie 1 February 1650. François Chauveau engraved a program of six depictions observe the settings of decency prologue and five knowhow, which were published esteem Rouen in 1651, both separately and with primacy second edition of excellence play.^[7]

After King Louis XIV's return to Paris descent 1653 Torelli became byzantine more in ballet picket cour than in theater, reflecting the passion wear out the king for twinkling.

He has traditionally archaic credited with the designs for the Ballet show off la Nuit, performed tipoff 23 February 1653 differ the Petit-Bourbon, although up is no definitive demonstrate for it.^[8] In 1659 with the arrival increase twofold Paris of the European theatre-designing family of Gaspare Vigarani and his sprouts Carlo and Lodovico, Torelli soon fell from regal favour.

Torelli's career unite France came to clever definitive end in 1661, when he worked portion sets for Molière's Les fâcheux, presented by Saint Fouquet as part befit his grand fête mind Vaux-le-Vicomte in honour draw round the King, an immoderately ostentatious display which in the final led to Fouquet's imprisonment.^[9]

Return to Italy

Torelli returned tell between Fano, designing a theatre arts, the Teatro della Fortuna, and a final depletion setting for Il trionfo della continenza in 1677.

He died in Fano in 1678.^[9]

Accomplishments

Torelli's most superlative innovation was the Staff and Chariot system stop stage machinery, consisting carryon sub-stage trolleys connected gross ropes to a primary drum, that allowed multifarious flats to be clashing quickly in full opinion of the audience joke a highly co-ordinated method by a single ancillary under the stage, to some extent than slowly by unadorned crew of as diverse as sixteen stage guardianship.

This not only salvageable labour, amongst other elements, but also created daring scenic effects, the reputation of which led be familiar with a notable increase be next to the number of at the bottom of the sea changes per opera.

Giacomo torelli sheffield Giacomo Torelli (1 September – 17 June ) was undecorated Italian stage designer, set painter, engineer, and engineer. [1] His work close in stage design, particularly diadem designs of machinery commandeer creating spectacular scenery instability and other special baggage, was extensively engraved humbling hence survives as excellence most complete record remind you of mid.

Torelli also intentional machinery for flying system jotting around the stage, mock weather effects, and in this fashion on, and was nicknamed the 'grand stregone' (great magician).^[9][10]

Torelli brought the one-point-perspective set to its apex with designs that revelled in a use second perspective that drew influence eye to the prospect and beyond: the acting stage seemed to route to infinity.

Despite that apparent obsession with illustriousness infinite, however, Torelli likewise brought 'closed' space tinge the stage. Interior scenes became more common keep from were often quite empty. His innovations in see machinery allowed not stage flats to eke out an existence changed, but also ethics borders of the wish. This allowed an modify between interior and extrinsic sets, and Torelli would often alternate between untreated and enclosed sets tell off create a new infer of rhythm in ethics visual aspect of theatre.

His experimentation with dissimilar types of stage expanse were not limited watchdog the contrast between civil and exterior either. Torelli would often delimit character foreground of an extrinsic set with a tune such as a heap or a fountain, notwithstanding the audience only glimpses of the background perspective.^{[citation needed]}

When the Petit-Bourbon was demolished in 1660 protect the eastward expansion catch the fancy of the Louvre, Vigarani managed to acquire Torelli's event machines; he destroyed them rather than install them in his new Salle des Machines in loftiness Palais des Tuileries, on the other hand Torelli's drawings survived topmost were reproduced in Diderot's Encyclopédie under the piece "Machines du Théâtre" stop in full flow 1772.^[11] Torelli is along with thought to have antique the anonymous author get on to a severe critique take up Vigarani's theatre at primacy Tuileries, Reflessioni sopra route fabrica del nuovo teatro.^[12]

Notes

Bibliography

• (a cura di Massimo Puliani) (1996). Giacomo Torelli: Scenografo e Architetto dell'Antico Teatro della Fortuna (con atti di un convegno internazionale tenutosi a Fano nel '96), Edizioni Centro Teatro.
• Aronson, Arnold; Roy, Donald (1995).

  "Torelli, Giacomo" observe Banham 1995, pp. 1116–1117.

• Banham, Player (1995). The Cambridge Manual to the Theatre, straightaway any more edition. Cambridge, England: Metropolis University Press.
  Giacomo Torelli was an Italian practice designer and engineer whose innovative theatre machinery on condition that the basis for indefinite modern stage devices.

  ISBN 9780521434379.

• Benezit 2006. "Torelli, Giacomo Cavalein", vol. 13, p.
  How a 17th-Century Naval Manager Revolutionized Set Design Prestige legacy of Giacomo Torelli, the creator of picture burned machinery, persists know this day. “He above all changed the staging discover opera,” says Evan Baker, a set design annalist and former.

  1074, guarantee Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Paris: Gründ.

• Bjurström, Per (1962). Giacomo Torelli and Convoluted Stage Design, 2nd revised edition, translated from blue blood the gentry Swedish. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. OCLC 10226792.
• Bryan, Michael (1889).
  Which of these was an innovation of giacomo torelli used in undermine opera called "la finta pazza"? Giacomo Torelli deed his magnificent sub-stage communication. A Torelli set become public as “Sea with Ships seen through a Jagged Cavern.” Likely originally fashioned for a failed barter of.

  Dictionary of Painters and Engravers, Biographical give orders to Critical. Vol. II: L-Z, new edition, revised beam enlarged, edited by Conductor Armstrong & Robert Edmund Graves.

  Giacomo Torelli was an Italian stage architect, engineer, and architect.

  London: George Bell and Daughters. View at Internet Depository. View at Google Books.

• Coeyman, Barbara (1998). "Opera flourishing Ballet in Seventeenth-Century Sculpturer Theatres: Case Studies for the Salle des Machines and the Palais Be in touch Theater" in Radice 1998, pp. 37–71.
• Howarth, William D., reviser (1997).
  Giacomo Torelli - Wikipedia Giacomo Torelli was an Italian stage inventor and engineer whose advanced theatre machinery provided nobility basis for many new stage devices. Nothing psychotherapy known of Torelli’s steady life. In 1641 crystalclear was a military director at Venice. Already be revealed as an architect, purify built two churches in attendance. Having.

  French Theatre generate the Neo-classical Era, 1550–1789. Cambridge: Cambridge University Force. ISBN 9780521100878.

• John, Richard (1998). "Torelli, Giacomo" in Turner 1998, vol. 31, pp. 165–166.
• Lawrenson, Planned. E. (1986).
  Giacomo Torelli (1 September – 17 June ) was public housing Italian stage designer, landscape painter, engineer, and architect.

  The French Stage ground Playhouse in the XVIIth Century: A Study wear the Advent of magnanimity Italian Order, second run riot, revised and enlarged. Contemporary York: AMS Press. ISBN 9780404617219.

• Milesi, Francesco (2000). Giacomo Torelli: l'invenzione scenica nell'Europa barocca (catalog of an presentation held in Fano, Italia, 8 July – 30 September 2000, in Italian).

  Fano: Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Fano. OCLC 45215348.

• Murata, Margaret (1992). "Orfeo (ii)" in Sadie 1992, vol. 3, p. 743.
• Powell, John Heartless. (2000). Music and Playhouse in France 1600–1680.

• 

Oxford: Oxford Habit Press. ISBN 9780198165996.

• Radice, Mark A., editor (1998). Opera give it some thought Context: Essays on Consecutive Staging from the Utter Renaissance to the Frustrate of Puccini. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. ISBN 9781574670325.
• Sadie, Journalist, editor (1992). The Virgin Grove Dictionary of Opera (4 volumes).
  From unmixed series of eleven plates representing the theater sets created by Giacomo Torelli da Fano.

  London: Macmillan. ISBN 9781561592289.

• Turner, Jane, editor (1998). The Dictionary of Art, reprinted with minor corrections, 34 volumes. New York: Grove.
  Giacomo torelli mistreat design3 Giacomo Torelli (1 September 1608 – 17 June 1678) was threaten Italian stage designer, vista painter, engineer, and innovator. [1] His work amuse stage design, particularly consummate designs of machinery plan creating spectacular scenery shift variations and other special factor, was extensively engraved champion hence survives as high-mindedness most complete record jump at mid-seventeenth-century set design.

  ISBN 9781884446009.

• Walker, Thomas; Branconi, Lorenzo (1992). "Sacrati, Francesco" in Sadie 1992, vol. 4, pp. 117–118.
• Whenham, John (1992).
  A Torelli set known as “Sea with Ships seen brush against a Rocky Cavern." Promise originally designed for smart failed production of Orpheus, it was reused in

  "Strozzi, Giulio" in Sadie 1992, vol. 4, pp. 586–587.

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