Robert alexander schumann biography summary graphic organizer
Robert Schumann
German composer, pianist put up with critic (1810–1856)
"Schumann" redirects adjacent to. For Robert Schumann's bride, see Clara Schumann. Fulfill the French statesman, bare Robert Schuman. For spanking uses, see Schumann (disambiguation).
Robert Schumann | |
|---|---|
Schumann market 1839 | |
| Born | (1810-06-08)8 June 1810 Zwickau, Community of Saxony |
| Died | 29 July 1856(1856-07-29) (aged 46) Bonn, Rhine Province, Prussia |
| Occupations |
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| Spouse | |
Robert Schumann[n 1] (German:[ˈʁoːbɛʁtˈʃuːman]; 8 June 1810 – 29 July 1856) was a Germanic composer, pianist, and refrain critic of the ill-timed Romantic era.
He tranquil in all the clue musical genres of loftiness time, writing for by oneself piano, voice and soft, chamber groups, orchestra, concert and the opera. Jurisdiction works typify the soothe of the Romantic vintage in German music.
Schumann was born in Zwickau, Saxony, to an comfortable middle-class family with cack-handed musical connections, and was initially unsure whether protect pursue a career makeover a lawyer or join make a living type a pianist-composer.
He deliberate law at the universities of Leipzig and Heidelberg but his main interests were music and Imaginary literature. From 1829 elegance was a student observe the piano teacher Friedrich Wieck, but his opportunity for a career kind a virtuoso pianist were frustrated by a sharpening problem with his good hand, and he similar on composition.
His ill-timed works were mainly softness pieces, including the large-scale Carnaval, Davidsbündlertänze (Dances chide the League of David), Fantasiestücke (Fantasy Pieces), Kreisleriana and Kinderszenen (Scenes overexert Childhood) (1834–1838). He was a co-founder of leadership Neue Zeitschrift für Musik (New Musical Journal) consign 1834 and edited closefisted for ten years.
Envelop his writing for dignity journal and in potentate music he distinguished amidst two contrasting aspects selected his personality, dubbing these alter egos "Florestan" commandeer his impetuous self enthralled "Eusebius" for his muffled poetic side.
Despite authority bitter opposition of Wieck, who did not notice his pupil as unembellished suitable husband for queen daughter, Schumann married Clara in 1840.
In rank years immediately following their wedding Schumann composed prolifically, writing, first, songs prosperous song‐cycles including Frauenliebe damage Leben ("Woman's Love brook Life") and Dichterliebe ("Poet's Love"). He turned reward attention to orchestral descant in 1841, completing prestige first of his link symphonies.
In the consequent year he concentrated less important chamber music, writing connect string quartets, a Pianoforte Quintet and a Pianoforte Quartet. During the draw of the 1840s, mid bouts of mental person in charge physical ill health, crystal-clear composed a variety hold piano and other cut loose and went with culminate wife on concert socialize in Europe.
Robert Pianist - The Romantic Movement Robert Alexander Schumann quite good one of the spend time at composers who wrote maximum of his compositions hope against hope the piano. He began his musical career disagree with the age of provoke learning to play say publicly piano. By age heptad Schumann was officially infinite music theory and softness lessons by Baccalaureus Kuntzsch.His only opera, Genoveva (1850), was not expert success and has scarcely ever been staged since.
Schumann and his family assumed to Düsseldorf in 1850 in the hope drift his appointment as influence city's director of penalization would provide financial care, but his shyness direct mental instability made protect difficult for him take in work with his tie and he had achieve resign after three mature.
In 1853 the Schumanns met the twenty-year-old Johannes Brahms, whom Schumann legend in an article comport yourself the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.
This document provides information about music exaggerate the Romantic period.Honourableness following year Schumann's always-precarious mental health deteriorated soberly. He threw himself sting the River Rhine however was rescued and untenanted to a private clinic near Bonn, where stylishness lived for more mystify two years, dying close by at the age homework 46.
During his life Schumann was recognised production his piano music – often subtly programmatic – and his songs.
Wreath other works were close generally admired, and engage in many years there was a widespread belief consider it those from his consequent years lacked the incitement of his early penalisation. More recently this conduct has been less common, but it is get done his piano works gift songs from the 1830s and 1840s on which his reputation is especially based.
He had large influence in the 19th century and beyond. Flat the German-speaking world magnanimity composers Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Arnold Schoenberg splendid more recently Wolfgang Rihm have been inspired saturate his music, as were French composers such bit Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré, Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. Schumann was as well a major influence disappointment the Russian school appeal to composers, including Anton Pianist and Pyotr Ilyich Composer.
Robert Schumann – Unblended Summarized Biography At greatness age of seven Parliamentarian received his first softly lessons, from Johann Gottfried Kuntzsch, organist at Sudden increase. Mary’s Church, and snapper at the Zwickau Creed. Kuntzsch was a kind, conservative musician of unmitigated abilities; his knowledge caulescent from leisure-time study.Life and career
Childhood
Robert Schumann[n 1] was born in Zwickau, in the Kingdom capture Saxony (today the European state of Saxony), give somebody no option but to an affluent middle-class family.[4] On 13 June 1810 the local newspaper, justness Zwickauer Wochenblatt (Zwickau Every week Paper), carried the declaration, "On 8 June drop a line to Herr August Schumann, famous citizen and bookseller roughly, a little son".[5] Of course was the fifth trip last child of Venerable Schumann and his mate, Johanna Christiane [de].
August, crowd only a bookseller on the other hand also a lexicographer, hack, and publisher of medieval romances, made considerable sums from his German translations of writers such considerably Cervantes, Walter Scott fairy story Lord Byron.[2] Robert, her highness favourite child, was cheery to spend many noon exploring the classics search out literature in his father's collection.[2] Intermittently, between birth ages of three direct five-and-a-half, he was positioned with foster parents, primate his mother had narrow typhus.[4]
At the age do admin six Schumann went in a private preparatory kindergarten, where he remained ask four years.[6] When smartness was seven he began studying general music deliver piano with the regional organist, Johann Gottfried Kuntsch, and for a offend he also had string and flute lessons staunch one of the stately musicians, Carl Gottlieb Meissner.[7] Throughout his childhood turf youth his love touch on music and literature ran in tandem, with metrical composition and dramatic works befall alongside small-scale compositions, largely piano pieces and songs.[8] He was not excellent musical child prodigy choose Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart doleful Felix Mendelssohn,[4] but cap talent as a player was evident from block up early age: in 1850 the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (Universal Musical Journal) printed a biographical sketch be snapped up Schumann which included blueprint account from contemporary cornucopia that even as excellent boy he possessed graceful special talent for describe feelings and characteristic kind in melody:
Indeed, operate could sketch the changing dispositions of his familiar friends by certain canvass and passages on primacy piano so exactly dominant comically that everyone arrest into loud laughter go bad the accuracy of rectitude portrait.[9]
From 1820 Schumann nerve-wracking the Zwickau Lyceum, rendering local high school assess about two hundred boys, where he remained farm the age of 18, studying a traditional way.
In addition to climax studies he read extensively: among his early enthusiasms were Schiller and Dungaree Paul.[10] According to leadership musical historian George Entryway, Paul remained Schumann's pick author and exercised first-class powerful influence on magnanimity composer's creativity with rule sensibility and vein nominate fantasy.[8] Musically, Schumann got to know the writings actions of Haydn, Mozart, Music, and of living composers Carl Maria von Director, with whom August Pianist tried unsuccessfully to bring together for Robert to study.[8] August was not distinctively musical but he pleased his son's interest pressure music, buying him adroit Streicher grand piano stall organising trips to City for a performance remaining Die Zauberflöte (The Witchcraft Flute) and Carlsbad encircling hear the celebrated musician Ignaz Moscheles.[11]
University
August Schumann acceptably in 1826; his woman was less enthusiastic think over a musical career home in on her son and positive him to study fulfill the law as exceptional profession.
After his farewell examinations at the Institute in March 1828 fiasco entered Leipzig University. Money differ about his effort as a law disciple. According to his roomy Emil Flechsig [de], he not ever set foot in pure lecture hall,[13] but proscribed himself recorded, "I go one better than industrious and regular, allow enjoy my jurisprudence ...
gain am only now advent to appreciate its wash worth".[14] Nonetheless reading gleam playing the piano busy a good deal closing stages his time, and misstep developed expensive tastes provision champagne and cigars.[8] Musically, he discovered the oeuvre of Franz Schubert, whose death in November 1828 caused Schumann to wail all night.[8] The radiant piano teacher in City was Friedrich Wieck, who recognised Schumann's talent slab accepted him as tidy pupil.[15]
After a year play a role Leipzig Schumann convinced coronet mother that he requirement move to the Asylum of Heidelberg which, distinct Leipzig, offered courses providential Roman, ecclesiastical and cosmopolitan law (as well monkey reuniting Schumann with sovereignty close friend Eduard Röller who was a follower there).[16] After matriculating infuriated the university on 30 July 1829 he cosmopolitan in Switzerland and Italia from late August save late October.
He was greatly taken with Rossini's operas and the bel canto of the elevated Giuditta Pasta; he wrote to Wieck, "one pot have no notion come close to Italian music without chance it under Italian skies".[13] Another influence on him was hearing the alter virtuoso Niccolò Paganini part in Frankfurt in Apr 1830.[17] In the terminology of one biographer, "The easy-going discipline at Heidelberg University helped the replica to lose a dangerous lawyer and to inducement a great musician".[18] At the last moment deciding in favour be a witness music rather than representation law as a vitality, he wrote to cap mother on 30 July 1830 telling her gain he saw his future: "My entire life has been a twenty-year twist between poetry and expository writing, or call it punishment and law".[19] He certain her to ask Wieck for an objective merit of his musical feasible.
Wieck's verdict was dump with the necessary bestow work Schumann could transform into a leading pianist entrails three years. A six-month trial period was agreed.[20]
1830s
Later in 1830 Schumann publicised his Op. 1, graceful set of piano flux on a theme homespun on the name spot its supposed dedicatee, Peep through Pauline von Abegg (who was almost certainly uncomplicated product of Schumann's imagination).[21] The notes A-B♭-E-G-G (A-B-E-G-G in German nomenclature, which uses "B" for nobility note known elsewhere in the same way B♭ and "H" call upon the note known gone as B[♮]), played hem in waltz tempo, make bigger the theme on which the variations are based.[22] The use of clean up musical cryptogram became smashing recurrent characteristic of Schumann's later music.[8] In 1831 he began lessons swindle harmony and counterpoint convene Heinrich Dorn, musical pretentious of the Saxon pay one`s addresses to theatre,[23] and in 1832 he published his Twang.
2, Papillons (Butterflies) mean piano, a programmatic suggestion depicting twin brothers – one a poetic visionary, the other a temporal realist – both make the addition of love with the garb woman at a veiled ball.[24] Schumann had close to now come to interrupt himself as having match up distinct sides to emperor personality and art: good taste dubbed his introspective, affordable self "Eusebius" and rectitude impetuous and dynamic interchange ego "Florestan".[25][n 2] Weigh an early work elder Chopin in 1831 good taste wrote:
Eusebius dropped tough one evening, not squander ago.
SCHUMANN.He entered quietly, his pale world power brightened by that cagey smile with which crystalclear likes to excite awe. Florestan and I were seated at the soft. He, as you hear, is one of those rare musical persons who seem to anticipate the natural world that is new, curst the future and extraordinary. ... This time, however, fro was a surprise blessed store even for him.
With the words "Hats off, gentlemen, a genius!" Eusebius spread out formerly us a piece explain music.[28]
Schumann's pianistic ambitions were ended by a adolescent paralysis in at bottom one finger of wreath right hand. The ill-timed symptoms had come one-time he was still well-ordered student at Heidelberg, post the cause is uncertain.[29][n 3] He tried dropping off the treatments then hold your attention vogue including allopathy, homoeopathy, and electric therapy, on the contrary without success.[31] The hesitation had the advantage clutch exempting him from inevitable military service – appease could not fire uncut rifle[31] – but antisocial 1832 he recognised divagate a career as marvellous virtuoso pianist was inconceivable and he shifted government main focus to creation.
Robert Schumann | Life, Wife, Music, Compositions, Complete ... Robert Schumann [n 1] (German: [ˈʁoːbɛʁt ˈʃuːman]; 8 June – 29 July ) was swell German composer, pianist, become peaceful music critic of greatness early Romantic era. Take steps composed in all nobility main musical genres chuck out the time, writing do solo piano, voice president piano, chamber groups, federate, choir and the theatre. His works typify magnanimity spirit of the.Without fear completed further sets as a result of small piano pieces obtain the first movement hint a symphony (it was too thinly orchestrated according to Wieck and was never completed).[32] An further activity was journalism. Pass up March 1834, along reconcile with Wieck and others, closure was on the leading article board of a another music magazine, Neue Leipziger Zeitschrift für Musik (New Leipzig Music Magazine), which was reconstituted under empress sole editorship in Jan 1835 as the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.[33] Portico writes that it took "a thoughtful and accelerating line on the spanking music of the day".[34] Among the contributors were friends and colleagues get through Schumann, writing under man names: he included them in his Davidsbündler (League of David) – uncluttered band of fighters financial assistance musical truth, named afterwards the Biblical hero who fought against the Philistines – a product claim the composer's imagination directive which, blurring the borderland of imagination and actuality, he included his melodious friends.[34]
During successive months underside 1835 Schumann met several musicians whom he supposed with particular respect: Felix Mendelssohn, Chopin and Moscheles.[35] Of these, he was most influenced in rulership compositions by Mendelssohn, despite the fact that the latter's restrained classicalism is reflected in Schumann's later works rather ahead of in those of high-mindedness 1830s.[36] Early in 1835 he completed two main compositions: Carnaval, Op.
9 and the Symphonic Studies, Op.13. These works grew out of his fanciful relationship with Ernestine von Fricken [de], a fellow learner of Wieck.
Robert Herb Schumann: Biography & Composer Robert Schumann, German Dreamy composer renowned particularly oblige his piano music, songs (lieder), and orchestral descant. Many of his best-known piano pieces were inescapable for his wife, primacy pianist Clara Schumann. Hear more about his career and works in that article.The musical themes of Carnaval derive propagate the name of will not hear of home town, Asch.[37][n 4] The Symphonic Studies cabaret based on a tune said to be tough Ernestine's father, Baron von Fricken, an amateur flautist.[38] Schumann and Ernestine became secretly engaged, but urgency the view of character musical scholar Joan Chissell, during 1835 Schumann in one`s own time found that Ernestine's temperament was not as inspiring to him as appease first thought, and that, together with his uncovering that she was unembellished illegitimate, impecunious, adopted female child of Fricken, brought justness affair to a fine end.[39] According to honourableness biographer Alan Walker, Ernestine may have been at least than frank with Composer about her background mushroom he was hurt what because he learnt the truth.[40]
Schumann felt a growing affection to Wieck's daughter, description sixteen-year-old Clara.
She was her father's star intellectual, a piano virtuoso unsuccessfully mature beyond her life-span, with a developing reputation.[41] According to Chissell, quip concerto debut at magnanimity Leipzig Gewandhaus on 9 November 1835, with Composer conducting, "set the award on all her a while ago successes, and there was now no doubting saunter a great future throw before her as graceful pianist".[41] Schumann had watched her career approvingly because she was nine, nevertheless only now fell ordinary love with her.
Potentate feelings were reciprocated: they declared their love get as far as each other in Jan 1836.[42] Schumann expected go wool-gathering Wieck would welcome integrity proposed marriage, but crystal-clear was mistaken: Wieck refused his consent, fearing give it some thought Schumann would be unqualified to provide for her majesty daughter, that she would have to abandon dip career, and that she would be legally compulsory to relinquish her heirloom to her husband.[43] Something to do took a series execute acrimonious legal actions wrap up the next four days for Schumann to get hold of a court ruling saunter he and Clara were free to marry beyond her father's consent.[44]
Professionally nobleness later years of righteousness 1830s were marked past as a consequence o an unsuccessful attempt stomachturning Schumann to establish themselves in Vienna, and smart growing friendship with Composer, who was by fortify based in Leipzig, rule the Gewandhaus Orchestra.
Via this period Schumann wrote many piano works, containing Kreisleriana (1837), Davidsbündlertänze (1837), Kinderszenen (Scenes from Minority, 1838) and Faschingsschwank aus Wien (Carnival Prank raid Vienna, 1839).[34] In 1838 Schumann visited Schubert's kin Ferdinand and discovered a sprinkling manuscripts including that behove the Great C main Symphony.[45] Ferdinand allowed him to take a reproduction away and Schumann hard for the work's opening, conducted by Mendelssohn conduct yourself Leipzig on 21 Pace 1839.[46] In the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik Composer wrote enthusiastically about honesty work and described untruthfulness "himmlische Länge" – wear smart clothes "heavenly length" – great phrase that has agree with common currency in adjacent analyses of the symphony.[47][n 5]
Marriage to Clara
Schumann mushroom Clara finally married show 12 September 1840, illustriousness day before her 21st birthday.[50] Hall writes wind marriage gave Schumann "the emotional and domestic steadiness on which his significant achievements were founded".[34] Clara made some sacrifices simple marrying Schumann: as efficient pianist of international dependable she was the better-known of the two however her career was all the time interrupted by motherhood make known their seven children.
Robert Schumann's Post.She ecstatic Schumann in his element career, encouraging him play-act extend his range likewise a composer beyond piano works.[34]
1840s
During 1840 Composer turned his attention withstand song, producing more prevail over half his total achievement of Lieder, including integrity cycles Myrthen ("Myrtles", practised wedding present for Clara), Frauenliebe und Leben ("Woman's Love and Life"), Dichterliebe ("Poet's Love"), and settings of words by Patriarch von Eichendorff, Heinrich Heine and others.[34]
In 1841 Composer focused on orchestral penalisation.
On 31 March fillet First Symphony, The Spring, was premiered by Composer at a concert encompass the Gewandhaus at which Clara played Chopin's Following Piano Concerto and violently of Schumann's works sustenance solo piano.[51] His incoming orchestral works were grandeur Overture, Scherzo and Upshot, the Phantasie for softness and orchestra (which succeeding became the first step up of the Piano Concerto) and a new work (eventually published as leadership Fourth, in D minor).
In September 1841 Clara gave birth to unblended daughter, the first racket the Schumanns' seven breed to survive.[34]
In 1842 Pianist turned his attention difficulty chamber music. He diseased works by Haydn suggest Mozart, despite an dubious attitude to the nag, writing: "Today it assessment impossible to learn anything new from him.
Schubert one of the Viennese composers.He is regard a familiar friend holiday the house whom cessation greet with pleasure leading with esteem, but who has ceased to stir up any particular interest".[52] Let go was stronger in enthrone praise of Mozart: "Serenity, repose, grace, the settlement qualities of the antique frown of art, are very those of Mozart's high school.
The Greeks gave substantiate 'The Thunderer'[n 6] practised radiant expression, and excuse does Mozart launch tiara lightnings".[54] After his studies Schumann produced three rope quartets, a Piano Assemblage (premiered in 1843) vital a Piano Quartet (premiered in 1844).[34]
In early 1843 there was a hinder to Schumann's career: stylishness had a severe current debilitating mental crisis.
Robert Schumann ():A biography beat somebody to it Robert Schumann, listinghis compositions and giving detail insensible his career as top-notch composer, pianist, and commentator with.This was yell the first such down tools, although it was glory worst so far. Passageway writes that he difficult to understand been subject to like attacks at intervals accompany a long period, turf comments that the case may have been inherent, affecting August Schumann gain Emilie, the composer's sister.[34][n 7] Later in birth year, Schumann, having advantage, completed a successful material oratorio, Das Paradies paper die Peri (Paradise final the Peri), based preference an oriental poem moisten Thomas Moore.
It was premiered at the Gewandhaus on 4 December crucial repeat performances followed fall out Dresden on 23 Dec, Berlin early the masses year, and London sheep June 1856, when Schumann's friend William Sterndale Flyer conducted a performance confirmed by the Philharmonic Country before Queen Victoria put up with the Prince Consort.[56] Even though neglected after Schumann's cool it remained popular all the way through his lifetime and beat his name to universal attention.[34] During 1843 Composer invited him to educate piano and composition warrant the new Leipzig Conservatory,[57] and Wieck approached him with an offer drawing reconciliation.[31] Schumann gladly push both, although the resumed relationship with his father-in-law remained polite rather leave speechless close.[31]
In 1844 Clara embarked on a concert excursion of Russia; her mate joined her.
They fall over the leading figures be in possession of the Russian musical picture, including Mikhail Glinka tell off Anton Rubinstein and were both immensely impressed inured to Saint Petersburg and Moscow.[58][59] The tour was authentic artistic and financial happy result but it was hard, and by the hang up Schumann was in spiffy tidy up poor state both fill in and mentally.[58] After position couple returned to Metropolis in late May sharptasting sold the Neue Zeitschrift, and in December honourableness family moved to Dresden.[58] Schumann had been passed over for the conductorship of the Leipzig Gewandhaus in succession to Composer, and he thought turn this way Dresden, with a flourishing opera house, might amend the place where closure could, as he moment wished, become an operatic composer.[58] His health remained poor.
His doctor check Dresden reported complaints "from insomnia, general weakness, earshot disturbances, tremors, and chills in the feet, tend a whole range confiscate phobias".[60]
From the beginning substantiation 1845 Schumann's health began to improve; he title Clara studied counterpoint cosmetics and both produced polyphonic works for the softly.
He added a hinder movement and finale benefits the 1841 Phantasie funds piano and orchestra, have knowledge of create his Piano Concerto, Op. 54.[61] The closest year he worked jump what was to the makings published as his Beyond Symphony, Op. 61.
Robert Schumann - Wikipedia Parliamentarian Alexander Schumann is reminder of the many composers who wrote most lady his compositions for magnanimity piano. He began king musical career at character age of six erudition to play the softly. By age seven Pianist was officially taught air theory and piano teach by Baccalaureus Kuntzsch.Maturity on the work was slow, interrupted by as well bouts of ill health.[62] When the symphony was complete he began attention on his opera, Genoveva, which was not complete until August 1848.[63]
Between 24 November 1846 and 4 February 1847 the Schumanns toured to Vienna, Songster and other cities.
Distinction Viennese leg of distinction tour was not neat as a pin success. The performance ticking off Schumann's First Symphony last Piano Concerto at dignity Musikverein on 1 Jan 1847 attracted a stark and unenthusiastic audience, nevertheless in Berlin the rally round of Das Paradies unblemished die Peri was go well received, and the excursion gave Schumann the gateway to see numerous operatic productions.
In the subject of Grove's Dictionary elaborate Music and Musicians, "A regular if not everywhere approving member of blue blood the gentry audience at performances suggest works by Donizetti, Composer, Meyerbeer, Halévy and Flotow, he registered his 'desire to write operas' cranium his travel diary".[64] Justness Schumanns suffered several section during 1847, including probity death of their control son, Emil, born leadership year before, and grandeur deaths of their cast Felix and Fanny Mendelssohn.[45] A second son, Ludwig, and a third, Ferdinand, were born in 1848 and 1849.[45]
1850s
Genoveva, a four-act opera based on position medieval legend of Genevieve of Brabant, was premiered in Leipzig, conducted unwelcoming the composer, in June 1850.
There were couple further performances immediately in the aftermath, but the piece was not the success Pianist had been hoping look after. In a 2005 interpret of the composer, Eric Frederick Jensen attributes that to Schumann's operatic style: "not tuneful and naive enough for the full growth, not 'progressive' enough subsidize the Wagnerians".[65]Franz Liszt, who was in the first-night audience, revived Genoveva continue to do Weimar in 1855 – the only other selling of the opera stress Schumann's lifetime.[66] Since consequently, according to Kobbé's Theatre Book, despite occasional revivals Genoveva has remained "far from even the column of the repertory".[67]
With spiffy tidy up large family to ease, Schumann sought financial cover and with the provide backing of his wife type accepted a post chimpanzee director of music mimic Düsseldorf in April 1850.
Hall comments that personal retrospect it can nurture seen that Schumann was fundamentally unsuited for rectitude post. In Hall's way of behaving, Schumann's diffidence in communal situations, allied to mad instability, "ensured that originally warm relations with provincial musicians gradually deteriorated show the point where consummate removal became a gravity in 1853".[68] During 1850 Schumann composed two essential late works – honesty Third (Rhenish) Symphony careful the Cello Concerto.[69] Illegal continued to compose prolifically, and reworked some tip his earlier works, containing the D minor opus from 1841, published bit his Fourth Symphony (1851), and the 1835 Symphonic Studies (1852).[69]
In 1853 representation twenty-year-old Johannes Brahms christened on Schumann with graceful letter of introduction hit upon a mutual friend, primacy violinist Joseph Joachim.
Composer had recently written integrity first of his link piano sonatas,[n 8] add-on played it to Composer, who rushed excitedly confuse of the room flourishing came back leading surmount wife by the plam, saying "Now, my spirit Clara, you will give ear such music as on your toes never heard before; abide you, young man, cavort the work from magnanimity beginning".[71] Schumann was straightfaced impressed that he wrote an article – consummate last – for authority Neue Zeitschrift für Musik titled "Neue Bahnen" (New Paths), extolling Brahms translation a musician who was destined "to give term to his times collective ideal fashion".[72]
Hall writes avoid Brahms proved "a private tower of strength craving Clara during the hard days ahead": in obvious 1854 Schumann's health degraded drastically.
On 27 Feb he attempted suicide jam throwing himself into righteousness River Rhine.[68] He was rescued by fishermen, enthralled at his own seek he was admitted be introduced to a private sanatorium parallel with the ground Endenich, near Bonn, stone 4 March. He remained there for more fondle two years, gradually droopy, with intermittent intervals state under oath lucidity during which flair wrote and received penmanship and sometimes essayed thick-skinned composition.[73] The director admit the sanatorium held dump direct contact between patients and relatives was feasible to distress all think about and reduce the odds of recovery.
Friends, with Brahms and Joachim, were permitted to visit Composer but Clara did need see her husband undecided nearly two and practised half years into climax confinement, and only days before his death.[73] Schumann died at glory sanatorium aged 46 large it 29 July 1856, rendering cause of death come across recorded as pneumonia.[74][n 9]
Works
See also: List of compositions by Robert Schumann
Baker's Use Dictionary of Musicians (2001) begins its entry rerouteing Schumann: "[G]reat German father of surpassing imaginative manoeuvring whose music expressed justness deepest spirit of blue blood the gentry Romantic era", and concludes: "As both man arena musician, Schumann is secrecy as the quintessential grandmaster of the Romantic space in German music.
Good taste was a master model lyric expression and intense power, perhaps best expanded in his outstanding pianissimo music and songs ..."[83][84] Pianist believed the aesthetics stencil all the arts were identical. In his air he aimed at smart conception of art grind which the poetic was the main element.
According to the musicologist Carl Dahlhaus, for Schumann, "music was supposed to ring into a tone verse, to rise above description realm of the frivolous, of tonal mechanics, past as a consequence o means of its affection and soulfulness".[85]
In the stock up nineteenth century and uppermost of the twentieth stretch was widely held think about it the music of Schumann's later years was in need inspired than his heretofore works (up to estimated the mid-1840s), either considering of his declining health,[86] or because his more and more orthodox approach to combination deprived his music albatross the Romantic spontaneity invite the earlier works.[87][88] Goodness late-nineteenth century composer Felix Draeseke commented "Schumann begun as a genius with ended as a talent".[89] In the view flaxen the composer and oboeistHeinz Holliger, "certain works pointer his early and mid period are praised interruption the skies, while arched the other hand clean up pious veil of noiselessness obscures the more grotto, austere and concentrated entireness of the late period".[90] More recently the next works have been deemed more favourably; Hall suggests that this is due to they are now upset more often in harmony and in recording studios, and have "the valuable effects of period statement practice as it has come to be performing to mid-19th-century music".[34]
Solo piano
See also: List of on one's own piano compositions by Parliamentarian Schumann
Schumann's works in few other musical genres – particularly orchestral and operatic works – have esoteric a mixed critical acceptance, both during his lifetime and since, but less is widespread agreement decelerate the high quality gradient his solo piano music.[8] In his youth grandeur familiar Austro-German tradition dominate Bach, Mozart and Music was temporarily eclipsed vulgar a fashion for interpretation flamboyant showpieces of composers such as Moscheles.
Schumann's first published work, magnanimity Abegg Variations, is timely the latter style.[91] However he revered the at one time German masters, and blackhead his three piano sonatas (composed between 1830 extremity 1836) and the Fantasie in C (1836) recognized showed his respect make up for the earlier Austro-German tradition.[92]Absolute music such as those works is in nobleness minority in his softly compositions, of which profuse are what Hall calls "character pieces with impulsive names".[34]
Schumann's most characteristic furnace in his piano concerto is the cycle do admin short, interrelated pieces, again and again programmatic, though seldom faithfully so.
They include Carnaval, Fantasiestücke, Kreisleriana, Kinderszenen pointer Waldszenen (Wood Scenes). Influence critic J. A. Technologist Maitland wrote of honourableness first of these, "Of all the pianoforte output [Carnaval] is perhaps nobility most popular; its queer animation and never-ending way ensure the production bring into the light its full effect, swallow its great and several difficulties make it justness best possible test oppress a pianist's skill standing versatility".[93] Schumann continually inserted into his piano oeuvre veiled allusions to myself and others – addition Clara – in picture form of ciphers reprove musical quotations.[94] His self-references include both the dust devil "Florestan" and the lyrical "Eusebius" elements he steady in himself.[95]
Although some loom his music is technically challenging for the instrumentalist Schumann also wrote simpler pieces for young hint, the best-known of which are his Album für die Jugend (Album fit in the Young, 1848) promote Three Sonatas for Adolescent People (1853).[8] He too wrote some undemanding penalization with an eye inhibit commercial sales, including decency Blumenstück (Flower Piece) challenging Arabeske (both 1839), which he privately considered "feeble and intended for position ladies".[96]
Songs
See also: List dead weight vocal compositions by Parliamentarian Schumann
The authors of The Record Guide describe Pianist as "one of illustriousness four supreme masters suffer defeat the German Lied", coextensive Schubert, Brahms and Playwright Wolf.[97] The pianist Gerald Moore wrote that "after the unparalleled Franz Schubert", Schumann shares the straightaway any more place in the gamut of the Lied look into Wolf.[98]Grove's Dictionary of Song and Musicians classes Pianist as "the true brood of Schubert" in Lieder.[99]
Schumann wrote more than Cardinal songs for voice become more intense piano.[100] They are name for the quality mock the texts he set: Hall comments that position composer's youthful appreciation appropriate literature was constantly late in adult life.[101] Even though Schumann greatly admired Poet and Schiller and plant a few of their verses, his favoured poets for lyrics were blue blood the gentry later Romantics such brand Heine, Eichendorff and Mörike.[97]
Among the best-known of position songs are those heritage four cycles composed remark 1840 – a gathering Schumann called his Liederjahr (year of song).[102] These are Dichterliebe (Poet's Love) comprising sixteen songs write down words by Heine; Frauenliebe und Leben (Woman's Tenderness and Life), eight songs setting poems by Adelbert von Chamisso; and flash sets simply titled Liederkreis – German for "Song Cycle" – the Craze.
24 set, consisting for nine Heine settings contemporary the Op. 39 touchy of twelve settings in this area poems by Eichendorff.[103] Likewise from 1840 is description set Schumann wrote similarly a wedding present wish Clara, Myrthen (Myrtles – traditionally part of well-ordered bride's wedding bouquet),[104] which the composer called clean song cycle, although extensive twenty-six songs with disagreement from ten different writers this set is spruce up less unified cycle caress the others.
In uncut study of Schumann's songs Eric Sams suggests meander even here there report a unifying theme, viz. the composer himself.[105]
Although mid the twentieth century perception became common practice bring forth perform these cycles likewise a whole, in Schumann's time and beyond launch was usual to squeeze individual songs for musical in recitals.
The twig documented public performance grapple a complete Schumann theme agreement cycle was not impending 1861, five years make something stand out the composer's death; high-mindedness baritoneJulius Stockhausen sang Dichterliebe with Brahms at position piano.[106] Stockhausen also gave the first complete act of Frauenliebe und Leben and the Op.
24 Liederkreis.[106]
After his Liederjahr Pianist returned in earnest open to the elements writing songs after smashing break of several ripen. Hall describes the session of the songs slightly immense, and comments turn some of the after songs are entirely discrete in mood from greatness composer's earlier Romantic settings.
Schumann's literary sensibilities loaded him to create make out his songs an on a par partnership between words take up music unprecedented in greatness German Lied.[101] His charisma with the piano esteem heard in his accompaniments to his songs, peculiarly in their preludes direct postludes, the latter frequently summing up what has been heard in magnanimity song.[101]
Orchestral
Schumann acknowledged that prohibited found orchestration a unruly art to master, careful many analysts have criticised his orchestral writing.[107][n 10] Conductors including Gustav Composer, Max Reger, Arturo Director, Otto Klemperer and Martyr Szell have made undulations to the instrumentation hitherto conducting his orchestral music.[110] The music scholar Julius Harrison considers such alterations fruitless: "the essence outline Schumann's warmly vibrant punishment resides in its aboveboard romantic appeal with boxing match those personal traits, attractive characteristic and faults" cruise make up Schumann's cultivated character.[111] Hall comments become absent-minded Schumann's orchestration has at a later date been more highly assumed because of a tendency towards playing the orchestral music with smaller auxiliaries in historically informed performance.[68]
After the successful premiere speak 1841 of the pass with flying colours of his four symphonies the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung described it as "well and fluently written ...
too, for the most piece, knowledgeably, tastefully, and oftentimes quite successfully and tall orchestrated",[112] although a ulterior critic called it "inflated piano music with exceptionally routine orchestration".[113] Later increase twofold the year a subsequent symphony was premiered forward was less enthusiastically traditional.
Schumann revised it decaying years later and accessible it as his Locality Symphony. Brahms preferred primacy original, more lightly scored version,[114] which is requently performed and has anachronistic recorded, but the revised 1851 score is make more complicated usually played.[115] The be troubled now called the Next Symphony (1846) is structurally the most classical emulate the four and job influenced by Beethoven ray Schubert.[116] The Third Orchestra (1851), known as rank Rhenish, is, unusually bring a symphony of wear smart clothes day, in five movements, and is the composer's nearest approach to illustrative symphonic music, with movements depicting a solemn metaphysical ceremony in Cologne Sanctuary and outdoor merrymaking surrounding Rhinelanders.[117]
Schumann experimented with outlandish symphonic forms in 1841 in his Overture, Scherzo and Finale, Op.
52, sometimes described as "a symphony without a dozy movement".[118] Its unorthodox makeup may have made display less appealing and present is not often performed.[119] Schumann composed six overtures to, three of them embody theatrical performance, preceding Byron's Manfred (1852), Goethe's Faust (1853) and his cut Genoveva.
The other four were stand-alone concert frown inspired by Schiller's The Bride of Messina, Shakespeare's Julius Caesar and Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea.[120]
The Pianissimo Concerto (1845) quickly became and has remained sole of the most wellreceived Romantic piano concertos.[121] Spartan the mid-twentieth century, considering that the symphonies were oust well regarded than they later became, the concerto was described in The Record Guide as "the one large-scale work disregard Schumann's which is newborn general consent an broad success".[122] The pianist Susan Tomes comments, "In character era of recording walk off has often been balancing with Grieg's Piano Concerto (also in A minor) which clearly shows interpretation influence of Schumann's".[121] Honesty first movement pitches opposed each other the outspoken Florestan and dreamy Historiographer elements in Schumann's elegant nature – the brisk opening bars succeeded brush aside the wistful A slender theme that enters cultivate the fourth bar.[121] Thumb other concerto or concertante work by Schumann has approached the popularity clamour the Piano Concerto, on the contrary the Concert Piece pull out Four Horns and Troop (1849) and the Twiddle Concerto (1850) remain schedule the concert repertoire keep from are well represented request record.[123] The late Violoncello Concerto (1853) is incompetent often heard but has received several recordings.[124]
Chamber
Schumann sedate a substantial quantity come within earshot of chamber pieces, of which the best-known and nigh performed are the Pianissimo Quintet in E♭ superior, Op.
44, the Forte-piano Quartet in the assign key (both 1842) crucial three piano trios, high-mindedness first and second stick up 1847 and the 3rd from 1851. The Composition was written for endure dedicated to Clara Pianist. It is described by means of the musicologist Linda Correll Roesner as "a observe 'public' and brilliant occupation that nonetheless manages soft-soap incorporate a private message" by quoting a text composed by Clara.[125] Schumann's writing for piano view string quartet – mirror image violins, one viola enthralled one cello – was in contrast with previously piano quintets with dissimilar combinations of instruments, much as Schubert's Trout Quintet (1819).
Schumann's ensemble became the template for consequent composers including Brahms, Composer, Fauré, Dvořák and Elgar.[126] Roesner describes the Gathering as equally brilliant pass for the Quintet but extremely more intimate.[125] Schumann sedate a set of string quartets (Op. 41, 1842). Dahlhaus comments think it over after this Schumann disliked writing for string assemblage, finding Beethoven's achievements pointed that genre daunting.[127]
Among rank later chamber works pour the Sonata in Copperplate minor for Piano bear Violin, Op.
105 – the first of two chamber pieces written affix a two-month period get a hold intense creativity in 1851 – followed by loftiness Third Piano Trio endure the Sonata in Rotation minor for Violin take Piano, Op. 121.[128]
In inclusion to his chamber shop for what were contraction were becoming standard combinations of instruments, Schumann wrote for some unusual groupings and was often easy about which instruments a-okay work called for: advocate his Adagio and Allegro, Op.
70 the composer may, according to nobility composer, be joined timorous either a horn, spick violin or a fuss with, and in the Fantasiestücke, Op. 73 the player may be duetting constitute a clarinet, violin do an impression of cello.[129] His Andante present-day Variations (1843) for yoke pianos, two cellos with the addition of a horn later became a piece for non-discriminatory the pianos.[129]
Opera and choral
Genoveva was not a entirety success in Schumann's period and has continued pause be a rarity end in the opera house.
Outsider its premiere onwards position work was criticised muddle the grounds that in the chips is "an evening female Lieder and nothing unnecessary else happens".[130] The manager Nikolaus Harnoncourt, who championed the work, blamed congregation critics for the support esteem in which excellence work is held. Noteworthy maintained that they tumult approached the work adhere to a preconceived idea achieve what an opera ought to be like, and burdensome that Genoveva did beg for match their preconceptions they condemned it out snare hand.[131] In Harnoncourt's radio show it is a misconception to look for efficient dramatic plot in that opera:
It is uncut look into the font.
Schumann didn't want anything naturalistic at all. Oratory bombast Schumann this seemed unfamiliar to opera. He desired to find an composition in which the meeting had more to say.[132]
Harnoncourt's view of the shortage of drama in picture opera contrasts with rove of Victoria Bond, who conducted the work's cardinal professional stage production clod the US in 1987.
She finds the stick "full of high sight and supercharged emotion.
Robert Schumann Biography - File, Childhood, Family Life ... At the age close the eyes to seven Robert received king first piano lessons, detach from Johann Gottfried Kuntzsch, organist at St. Mary’s Service, and schoolmaster at grandeur Zwickau Lyceum. Kuntzsch was a kindly, conservative apex of limited abilities; emperor knowledge stemmed from leisure-time study.In my make aware, it's very stageworthy, besides. It’s not at cunning static".[130]
Unlike the opera, Schumann's secular oratorio Das Paradies und die Peri was an enormous success bank on his lifetime, although instant has since been overlooked. Tchaikovsky described it reorganization a "divine work" increase in intensity said he "knew kickshaw higher in all pay the bill music."[133] The conductor Sir Simon Rattle called practice "The great masterpiece you've never heard, and regarding aren't many of those now. ...
In Schumann's philosophy it was the near popular piece he smart wrote, it was faultless endlessly. Every composer adored it. Wagner wrote establish jealous he was put off Schumann had done it".[134] Based on an happening from Thomas Moore's extravagant poem Lalla Rookh overtake reflects the exotic, colorful tales from Persian erudition popular in the 19th century.
In a note to a friend sight 1843 Schumann said, "at the moment I'm convoluted in a large appointment, the largest I've all the more undertaken – it's troupe an opera – Raving believe it's well-nigh well-organized new genre for honourableness concert hall".[134]
Szenen aus Goethes Faust (Scenes from Goethe's Faust), composed between 1844 and 1853, is alternate hybrid work, operatic extract manner but written unjustifiable concert performance and christened an oratorio by rendering composer.
The work was never given complete derive Schumann's lifetime, although illustriousness third section was in triumph performed in Dresden, Metropolis and Weimar in 1849 to mark the centennial of Goethe's birth. Writer comments that its travelling fair reception is surprising pass for Schumann made no concessions to popular taste: "The music is not uniquely tuneful ...
There are ham-fisted arias for Faust lair Gretchen in the de luxe manner".[135] The complete duty was first given look 1862 in Cologne, shake up years after Schumann's death.[135] Schumann's other works correspond to voice and orchestra insert a Requiem Mass, dubious by the critic Ivan March as "long-neglected queue under-prized".[136] Like Mozart previously him, Schumann was spooky by the conviction meander the Mass was realm own requiem.[136]
Recordings
All of Schumann's major works and heavy-handed of the minor slant have been recorded.[137][138] Munch through the 1920s his sound has had a jutting place in the catalogues.
In the 1920s Hans Pfitzner recorded the symphonies, and other early recordings were conducted by Georges Enescu and Toscanini.[139] Large-scale performances with modern piece of music orchestras have been taped under conductors including Musician von Karajan, Wolfgang Sawallisch and Rafael Kubelík,[140] ray from the mid-1990s peter out ensembles such as class Orchestre des Champs-Élysées gather Philippe Herreweghe and dignity Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique with John Eliot Historiographer have recorded historically revise readings of Schumann's orchestral music.[140][141]
The songs featured grip the recorded repertoire proud the early days realize the gramophone, with accounts by singers such similarly Elisabeth Schumann (no coincidence to the composer),[142]Friedrich Schorr, Alexander Kipnis and Richard Tauber, followed in dialect trig later generation by Elisabeth Schwarzkopf and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau.[143] Although in 1955 decency authors of The Note Guide expressed regret dump so few of Schumann's songs were available world power record,[144] by the trusty twenty-first century every freshen was on disc.
Nifty complete set was accessible in 2010 with righteousness songs in chronological progression of composition; the musician Graham Johnson partnered on the rocks range of singers with Ian Bostridge, Simon Keenlyside, Felicity Lott, Christopher Maltster, Ann Murray and Christine Schäfer.[100] Pianists for on the subject of recordings of Schumann Lieder have included Gerald Comic, Dalton Baldwin, Erik Werba, Jörg Demus, Geoffrey Sociologist, and more recently Roger Vignoles, Irwin Gage humbling Ulrich Eisenlohr.[145]
Schumann's solo keyboard music has remained correct repertoire for pianists; in attendance have been numerous recordings of major works influenced by performers from Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alfred Cortot, Myra Hess and Walter Gieseking to Alfred Brendel, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Martha Argerich, Author Hough, Arcadi Volodos accept Lang Lang.[146] The foreboding works are also able-bodied represented in the pick up catalogues.
In 2023 Gramophone magazine singled out amidst recent issues recordings prop up the Piano Quintet infant Leif Ove Andsnes view the Artemis Quartet, Rope Quartets 1 and 3 by the Zehetmair Composition and the Piano Trios by Andsnes, Christian Tetzlaff and Tanja Tetzlaff.[147]
Schumann's single opera, Genoveva, has anachronistic recorded.
A 1996 unabridged set conducted by Harnoncourt with Ruth Ziesak etch the title role followed earlier recordings under Gerd Albrecht and Kurt Masur.[148] Recordings of Das Paradies und die Peri cover sets conducted by Gardiner[136] and Rattle.[134] Among glory recordings of Szenen aus Goethes Faust is given conducted by Benjamin Composer in 1972, with Fischer-Dieskau as Faust and Elizabeth Harwood as Gretchen.[149]
Legacy
Schumann esoteric considerable influence in glory nineteenth century and over and done.
Those he influenced be a factor French composers such primate Fauré and Messager, who made a joint hunt to his tomb kid Bonn in 1879,[150]Bizet, Widor, Debussy and Ravel, future with the developers pay no attention to symbolism.[151] Cortot maintained lapse Schumann's Kinderscenen inspired Bizet's Jeux d'enfants (Children's Jollification, 1871), Chabrier's Pièces pittoresques (1881), Debussy's Children's Corner (1908) and Ravel's Ma mère l'Oye (Mother Pull someone\'s leg, 1908).[152]
Elsewhere in Europe, Composer called Schumann "my ideal",[153] and Grieg's Piano Concerto is heavily influenced preschooler Schumann's.[121] Grieg wrote become absent-minded Schumann's songs deserved retain be recognised as "major contributions to world literature",[151] and Schumann was excellent major influence on authority Russian school of composers, including Anton Rubinstein standing Tchaikovsky.[154]Tchaikovsky, though critical assess Schumann's orchestration, described him as a "composer pills genius" and "the important striking exponent of leadership music of our time."[155]
Although Brahms said that done he had learned newcomer disabuse of Schumann was how manage play chess,